scholarly journals Influence of Contextual Factors on Soundscape in Urban Open Spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Zhao ◽  
Shilun Zhang ◽  
Qi Meng ◽  
Jian Kang
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Crowd Density ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Parabolic Shape ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
Level Of Sound Pressure ◽  
Central Avenue

The acoustic environment in urban open spaces has played a key role for users. This study analyzed the different effects of contextual factors, including shop openness, season, and commercial function, on the soundscape in two typical commercial pedestrian streets. The following observations were based on a series of measurements, including crowd measurements, acoustic environment measurements, and a questionnaire survey. First, the number of talkers in Central Avenue was greater than the number of talkers in Kuan Alley in cases with the same crowd density, while there was no significant difference in the sound pressure level. When the crowd density increased, acoustic comfort trended downward in Kuan Alley, while the value of acoustic comfort in Central Avenue took a parabolic shape. Second, there was no significant difference between the number of talkers in summer and the number of talkers in winter; however, when crowd density increased by 0.1 persons/m2, the level of sound pressure increased by 1.3 dBA in winter and 2.2 dBA in summer. Acoustic comfort took a parabolic shape that first increased and then decreased in both winter and summer. Regarding commercial function, as the crowd density increased, the number of talkers and the level of sound pressure both increased, while acoustic comfort decreased in three zones with different commercial functions. In addition, a cross-tab analysis was used to discuss the relationship between the number of talkers and the level of sound pressure, and it was found to be positive.

scholarly journals The Effect of Music Tempo and Volume on Acoustic Perceptions under the Noise Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 4055
Author(s):  
Ping Liang ◽  
Hongyu Guan ◽  
Yuezhen Wang ◽  
Han Chen ◽  
Pengfei Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Noise Environment ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
Human Perceptions

This study aimed to investigate the distracting or masking effects of music tempo and volume, based on subjective evaluation under noise conditions. Two experiments were conducted with 32 participants. In the first one, the experimental conditions were set as follow: (1) the sound pressure levels of music are 45 dB, 60 dB, and 75 dB; (2) music tempos are 70 beats per minute (BPM), 110 BPM, and 150 BPM; (3) sound pressure levels of noise are 45 dB, 60 dB, and 75 dB; and (4) the noise types are talkers’ babble, traffic noise, and construction noise. All conditions on human acoustic perception were analyzed by orthogonal experiment. Based on part one, the second experiment was conducted. Sound pressure levels (50 dB, 60 dB, and 70 dB) of noise and sound pressure levels (50 dB, 60 dB, and 70 dB) of music and music tempo (70 BPM, 110 BPM, and 150 BPM) were assessed by subjective evaluation. The results showed although different types of noise had different effects on human perceptions, noise types had a small effect on acoustic comfort considering the superimposed music. Music can improve the acoustic environment. The sound pressure levels had significant effects on acoustic sensation. The tempo of the music affected the acoustic sensation insignificantly. Sound pressure levels of noise, music tempo, and sound pressure levels of music significantly affect acoustic comfort. The best acoustic environment in this study utilized superimposed 70 BPM, 60 dB music in a 50 dB noise environment. These results suggest that music can enable new strategies to improve indoor environmental satisfaction. Based on the findings, the effect of music on acoustic perceptions under the noise environment should be taken into account when aiming to enhance comfort in noisy environments.

scholarly journals Analisis Reverberation Time Terhadap Kenyamanan Audial pada Ruang Auditorium Menara Pinisi UNM

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Zainatun Zainatun
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
Measuring Point ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
Level Meter ◽  
Level Of Sound Pressure

Auditorium space is one of the building functions that must be supported will be acoustic comfort. This research aimed (1) to determine the condition of auditory comfort in the auditorium space according to the opinion of the space users; (2) to investigate the value of the existing reverberation time in the space. The research used two methods, namely the qualitative and quantitative methods; the qualitative method was conducted by distributing questionnaires, interviews and direct observation in the field. The results of the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 22, while the quantitative method was conducted by measuring the sound pressure level using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) and calculation of the Reverbertion Time (RT) by using the Sabine Equation and the simulation was conducted using the Ecotect Software. The research results indicated that, based on the questionnaires distribution to the space user, and according to the seat position, 44.3% of the older users felt comfortable about the spread of sound in the space, while 41.3% did not feel comfortable with the position of the seats and the sound they received, and only 2.0% felt very comfortable with the distribution spread of sound in the space. Meanwhile,  the results of the measurement of the highest Level of Sound Pressure showed that at the measuring point of 31 was 94.0 dB and the lowest at point of 22 was 60.8 dB. The results of the  RT calculation at the auditorium when the auditorium was empty was about 0.45-0.40 seconds at the frequency of 500hz.

Subjective Evaluation of Acoustic Environment in Underground Spaces

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 1498-1503
Author(s):  
Qi Meng ◽  
Jian Kang ◽  
Hong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Subjective Loudness ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have demonstrated that users’ evaluation of acoustic environment such as subjective loudness or acoustic comfort depends on a series of factors in a particular space, rather than only on sound pressure levels. In this study, more than 2800 interviews have been undertaken at underground spaces in Harbin, China, to find out influencing factors to users’ evaluation, considering both space conditions and demographical factors. Based on the analysis of case study results, it has been found that in underground spaces, background music is generally noticeable and preferred, and it is useful for psychologically ‘masking’ other less preferred sound sources. While there is a linear correlation between the measured LAeq and the subjective loudness, the relationship between the measured LAeq and the acoustic comfort evaluation is of a parabolic shape, and the acoustic comfort is the best when LAeq is around 65-70dB. There is no significant difference between different age groups, whereas people with a higher income level tend to feel that an underground space is nosier and less acoustically comfortable.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

Personal Audio System: Hearing Symptoms, Habits, and Sound Pressure Levels Measured in Real Ear and a Manikin

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2016-2026
Author(s):  
Tamara R. Almeida ◽  
Clayton H. Rocha ◽  
Camila M. Rabelo ◽  
Raquel F. Gomes ◽  
Ivone F. Neves-Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
Audio System

Purpose The aims of this study were to characterize hearing symptoms, habits, and sound pressure levels (SPLs) of personal audio system (PAS) used by young adults; estimate the risk of developing hearing loss and assess whether instructions given to users led to behavioral changes; and propose recommendations for PAS users. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in 50 subjects with normal hearing. Procedures included questionnaire and measurement of PAS SPLs (real ear and manikin) through the users' own headphones and devices while they listened to four songs. After 1 year, 30 subjects answered questions about their usage habits. For the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, Lin and Spearman coefficients, the chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. Results Most subjects listened to music every day, usually in noisy environments. Sixty percent of the subjects reported hearing symptoms after using a PAS. Substantial variability in the equivalent music listening level (Leq) was noted ( M = 84.7 dBA; min = 65.1 dBA, max = 97.5 dBA). A significant difference was found only in the 4-kHz band when comparing the real-ear and manikin techniques. Based on the Leq, 38% of the individuals exceeded the maximum daily time allowance. Comparison of the subjects according to the maximum allowed daily exposure time revealed a higher number of hearing complaints from people with greater exposure. After 1 year, 43% of the subjects reduced their usage time, and 70% reduced the volume. A volume not exceeding 80% was recommended, and at this volume, the maximum usage time should be 160 min. Conclusions The habit of listening to music at high intensities on a daily basis seems to cause hearing symptoms, even in individuals with normal hearing. The real-ear and manikin techniques produced similar results. Providing instructions on this topic combined with measuring PAS SPLs may be an appropriate strategy for raising the awareness of people who are at risk. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12431435

scholarly journals Evaluation of emotional arousal level and depression severity using voice-derived sound pressure change acceleration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Shinohara ◽  
Hiroyuki Toda ◽  
Mitsuteru Nakamura ◽  
Yasuhiro Omiya ◽  
Masakazu Higuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Depression Severity ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
National Defense Medical College ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractIn this research, we propose a new index of emotional arousal level using sound pressure change acceleration, called the emotional arousal level voice index (EALVI), and investigate the relationship between this index and depression severity. First, EALVI values were calculated from various speech recordings in the interactive emotional dyadic motion capture database, and the correlation with the emotional arousal level of each voice was examined. The resulting correlation coefficient was 0.52 (n = 10,039, p < 2.2 × 10−16). We collected a total of 178 datasets comprising 10 speech phrases and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of outpatients with major depression at the Ginza Taimei Clinic (GTC) and the National Defense Medical College (NDMC) Hospital. The correlation coefficients between the EALVI and HAM-D scores were − 0.33 (n = 88, p = 1.8 × 10−3) and − 0.43 (n = 90, p = 2.2 × 10−5) at the GTC and NDMC, respectively. Next, the dataset was divided into “no depression” (HAM-D < 8) and “depression” groups (HAM-D ≥ 8) according to the HAM-D score. The number of patients in the “no depression” and “depression” groups were 10 and 78 in the GTC data, and 65 and 25 in the NDMC data, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean EALVI values between the two groups in both the GTC and NDMC data (p = 8.9 × 10−3, Cliff’s delta = 0.51 and p = 1.6 × 10−3; Cliff’s delta = 0.43, respectively). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve when discriminating both groups by EALVI was 0.76 in GTC data and 0.72 in NDMC data. Indirectly, the data suggest that there is some relationship between emotional arousal level and depression severity.

scholarly journals Noise at the time of COVID 19: The impact in some areas in Rome and Milan, Italy

Noise Mapping ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Alsina Pagès ◽  
Francesc Alías ◽  
Patrizia Bellucci ◽  
Pier Paolo Cartolano ◽  
Ilaria Coppa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed in Italy at the end of January 2020, when the first positive cases for the virus were identified. At the beginning of March, the virus had spread to all Italian regions and on 10 March 2020 the lockdown phase began, limiting the movement of people and prohibiting almost all commercial activities, businesses and non-essential industries. As a result, millions of people were forced to stay at home, causing a drastic drop in traffic volume, which significantly changed the acoustic environment and air quality of cities. On 4 May 2020, the lockdown was partially lifted and activities were progressively reopened. Therefore, traffic gradually started to increase and, consequently, the noise emitted by motor vehicles. This behaviour was confirmed by the data collected by the DYNAMAP system, an automatic platform developed within the LIFE DYNAMAP project, providing real time traffic noise maps in terms of sound pressure levels and impacts at receivers (people and dwellings exposed to noise level bands). In this paper traffic and non-traffic-related noise events in the cities of Rome and Milan from March to May 2020 are analysed and compared to the corresponding values in 2019 to evaluate the effects of the lockdown period.

The Occlusion Effect in Bone Conduction Hearing

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Goldstein ◽  
Claude S. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Threshold Measure ◽  
Level Shifts ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Occlusion Effect

This experiment tested the hypothesis that the occlusion effect is accompanied by an increase in sound pressure level in the external auditory canal. Pure tone bone conduction thresholds and sound pressure levels were measured, first with the ear canal open, then with the ear canal closed, at two positions of the bone vibrator and at five frequencies in 28 normal listeners. Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference between measures at 250, 500, and 1 000 cps but not at 2 000 and 4 000 cps. Average sound pressure level shifts tended to be larger than their threshold measure counterparts. The two measures, nevertheless, yielded positive correlations.

scholarly journals Automotive traffic noise and urban public spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greicikelly Gaburro Paneto ◽  
Cristina Engel de Alvarez ◽  
Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
High Sound

In contemporary cities, and usually without realizing it, the population has been exposed to high sound pressure levels, which besides causing discomfort, can lead to health problems. Considering that a large part of this noise comes from emission from motor vehicles, this research aims to evaluate the sound behavior in sound environments configured by voids in the urban fabric, in order to identify whether open spaces can act as attenuators of sound levels. To obtain the expected results, the methodology used was structured from a review of the state-of-the-art and computer simulations relating the variables that influence the formation of urban space and sound emission and propagation, taking as a case study an urban portion of the municipality of Vitória/ES. In parallel, questionnaires were applied to evaluate the user's perception of their exposure. The measurement results indicated that the sound pressure levels caused by traffic noise are above the limit tolerated limit by the NBR norm 10151:2000 for the daytime period. In turn, the results obtained from the population indicated that there is little perception of noise by the users of the spaces surveyed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Frequency Acoustic Stimulation Sound on Intrauterine Weakening of Pregnant Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Djamil Suherman ◽  
Hermanto Tri Joewono ◽  
I Komang Wiarsa Sardjana
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Sound Frequency ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Sound Pressure ◽  
Veterinary Faculty

Research to determine changes in intrauterine sound pressure in pregnant sheep after administration acoustic stimulation outside of the abdominal wall at some frequency sounds. The study was conducted at the Animal Hospital of Veterinary Faculty of Airlangga University. Pre test experimental design with pre- and post-test one group to assess intra-uterine sound pressure changes. The study was conducted at two lambs pregnant aterm after acoustic stimulation at a distance of 10 cm from the surface of the abdominal wall to the sound pressure 80,85,90,95 and 100 decibels and sound frequency of 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 hertz. The results showed that the difference between the sound pressure outside of the abdominal wall with intrauterine sound pressure on both the pregnant sheep by an average of 16.7570 ± 8.0797 decibels. This shows their weakening sound after passing through the abdominal wall and the uterine wall. By using a paired t-test, this weakening statistically significant. At frequencies from 31.5 to 1000 hertz weakening values from 5.2 to 17.1 decibels while in 2000-8000 hertz frequency weakening value of 20.2 to 30.8 decibels. The conclusion that the stimulation of noise from outside the walls of the abdomen weakening sound after penetrating the abdominal wall and the uterine wall. Weakening occur at every level of sound pressure and at every level of a given frequency. Weakening value becomes greater at frequencies above 1000 hertz.                                                                                                       Keywords: weakening, sound pressure, sound frequency, pregnant sheep.

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