scholarly journals Investigation of Air Pollutants Related to the Vehicular Exhaust Emissions in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1322
Author(s):  
Yukiko Fukusaki ◽  
Masataka Umehara ◽  
Yuka Kousa ◽  
Yoshimi Inomata ◽  
Satoshi Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Secondary Pollutants ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
The Impact

The Kathmandu Valley, which is surrounded by high hills and mountains, has been plagued by air pollution, especially in winter. We measured the levels of volatile organic compounds, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, ozone, PM2.5, and carbon monoxide in the Kathmandu Valley during the winter to investigate the impact of vehicular emissions and the contribution of gaseous air pollutants to secondary pollutants. The most common gaseous pollutants were discovered to be gasoline components, which were emitted more frequently by engine combustion than gasoline evaporation. Considering the ethylene to acetylene ratio, it was discovered that most vehicles lacked a well-maintained catalyst. Compared to previous studies, it was considered that an increase in the number of gasoline vehicles offset the effect of the measures and exceeded it, increasing the level of air pollutants. Aromatics and alkenes accounted for 66–79% and 43–59% of total ozone formation potential in Koteshwor and Sanepa, respectively. In terms of individual components, it was determined that ethylene, propylene, toluene, and m-xylene all significantly contributed to photochemical ozone production. As those components correlated well with isopentane, which is abundant in gasoline vehicle exhaust, it was determined that gasoline vehicles are the primary source of those components. It was indicated that strategies for regulating gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions are critical for controlling the photochemical smog in the Kathmandu Valley.

scholarly journals Comparison of primary aerosol emission and secondary aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection and port fuel injection vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 9011-9023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuofei Du ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
Jianfei Peng ◽  
Wenbin Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Gasoline vehicles significantly contribute to urban particulate matter (PM) pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, known for their higher fuel efficiency than that of port fuel injection (PFI) engines, have been increasingly employed in new gasoline vehicles. However, the impact of this trend on air quality is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from a GDI and a PFI vehicle under an urban-like driving condition, using combined approaches involving chassis dynamometer measurements and an environmental chamber simulation. The PFI vehicle emits slightly more volatile organic compounds, e.g., benzene and toluene, whereas the GDI vehicle emits more particulate components, e.g., total PM, elemental carbon, primary organic aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Strikingly, we found a much higher SOA production (by a factor of approximately 2.7) from the exhaust of the GDI vehicle than that of the PFI vehicle under the same conditions. More importantly, the higher SOA production found in the GDI vehicle exhaust occurs concurrently with lower concentrations of traditional SOA precursors, e.g., benzene and toluene, indicating a greater contribution of intermediate volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in the GDI vehicle exhaust to the SOA formation. Our results highlight the considerable potential contribution of GDI vehicles to urban air pollution in the future.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANIZATION ENVIRONMENT IN MALIOBORO

2021 ◽  
Vol 1000 (1000) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Munawar
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
City Government ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Side Friction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yogyakarta City

he phenomenon of the increasing number of Malioboro tourists every year raises traffic problems in the area. Starting from congestion, increasing vehicle exhaust emissions, to increasing side friction. This has put pressure on the Yogyakarta city government to plan to improve traffic management by transforming the Malioboro area into a pedestrianized area. This application has an impact on significant changes in traffic flow on roads around the Malioboro area. This study will simulate a traffic flow scenario on roads around Malioboro using VISSIM software to determine the saturation level of the flow and the resulting emissions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMAKAIAN HYDROCARBON CRACK SYSTEM (HCS) TERHADAP PERFORMA SEPEDA MOTOR SUPRA X 125 TAHUN 2009

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Jusnita
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Crack System ◽  
Co Gas

Kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia yang menjadi sumber emisi gas buang terbesar adalah sepeda motor. Ini merupakan kurangnya perhatian pengguna kendaraan bermotor dengan perbandingan kompresi mesin kendaraan yang tinggi cenderung memilih mengisi bahan bakar sepeda motornya dengan premium yang harganya lebih murah namun memiliki angka oktan yang rendah. Hal ini tentu akan menimbulkan masalah terhadap pembakaran yang tidak sempurna. Efek yang ditimbulkan adalah menyebabkan meningkatnya polutan pencemaran udara. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan diatas adalah dengan cara menggunakan Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS), HCS bekerja untuk menyempurnakan proses pembakaran, sehingga dapat menurunkan kadar emisi gas buang kendaraan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini melihat pengaruh penggunaan Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS) terhadap performa dan kandungan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa penggunaan HCS pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125 dapat menurunkan emisi gas CO sebesar 40 %. Untuk emisi gas HC penggunaan HCS dapat menurunkan emisi gas HC sebesar 37%,sedangkan untuk emisi gas buang CO2 penggunaan HCS dapat meningkatkan emisi gas CO2 sebesar 12.98%.   Motor vehicles in Indonesia which are the largest source of exhaust emissions are motorbikes. This is the lack of attention of motorized vehicle users with high engine compression ratios, which tend to choose to refuel their motorbikes with premium which is cheaper but has a low octane number. This of course will cause problems with incomplete combustion. The resulting effect is to increase air pollutants. To overcome the above problems is by using the Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS), HCS works to improve the combustion process, so that it can reduce the levels of vehicle exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of the use of the Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS) on the performance and content of the resulting exhaust emissions. Based on the research results, it was found that the use of HCS on a Honda Supra X 125 motorcycle could reduce CO gas emissions by 40%. For HC gas emissions, the use of HCS can reduce HC gas emissions by 37%, while for CO2 exhaust emissions, the use of HCS can increase CO2 emissions by 12.98%.

scholarly journals Insights for Air Quality Management from Modeling and Record Studies in Cuenca, Ecuador

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
René Parra ◽  
Claudia Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

On-road traffic is the primary source of air pollutants in Cuenca (2500 m. a.s.l.), an Andean city in Ecuador. Most of the buses in the country run on diesel, emitting high amounts of NOx (NO + NO2) and PM2.5, among other air pollutants. Currently, an electric tram system is beginning to operate in this city, accompanied by new routes for urban buses, changing the spatial distribution of the city’s emissions, and alleviating the impact in the historic center. The Ecuadorian energy efficiency law requires that all vehicles incorporated into the public transportation system must be electric by 2025. As an early and preliminary assessment of the impact of this shift, we simulated the air quality during two scenarios: (1) A reference scenario corresponding to buses running on diesel (DB) and (2) the future scenario with electric buses (EB). We used the Eulerian Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model for simulating the air quality during September, based on the last available emission inventory (year 2014). The difference in the results of the two scenarios (DB-EB) showed decreases in the daily maximum hourly NO2 (between 0.8 to 16.4 µg m−3, median 7.1 µg m−3), and in the 24-h mean PM2.5 (0.2 to 1.8 µg m−3, median 0.9 µg m−3) concentrations. However, the daily maximum 8-h mean ozone (O3) increased (1.1 to 8.0 µg m−3, median 3.5 µg m−3). Apart from the primary air quality benefits acquired due to decreases in NO2 and PM2.5 levels, and owing to the volatile organic compounds (VOC)-limited regime for O3 production in this city, modeling suggests that VOC controls should accompany future NOx reduction for avoiding increases in O3. Modeled tendencies of these pollutants when moving from the DB to EB scenario were consistent with the tendencies observed during the COVID-19 lockdown in this city, which is a unique reference for appreciating the potentiality and identifying insights for air quality improvements. This consistency supports the approach and results of this contribution, which provides early insights into the effects on air quality due to the recent operability of the electric tram and the future shift from diesel to electric buses in Cuenca.

scholarly journals The effect of vehicle exhaust emissions on morphometric and physiological characteristics of Rhus typhina

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. Р. Dzhygan ◽  
O. A. Mylnikova ◽  
I. A. Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
The Road ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Rhus Typhina ◽  
The Impact

Rhus typhina L. (Staghorn Sumac) is fast-growing woody species that reproduces by rhizomes and seeds. Because of its biological benefits, this deciduous member of the Anacardiaceae family has been introduced from its native habitats in the east of North America to urbanized landscapes of Ukraine. In this study we anаlyse changes in morphometric and physiological indicators of 12-year plants of this species in artificial phytocenoses near highways in Pavlograd, Ukraine. Experimental plots were placed at a distance from 25 to 130 meters from the road. The control group of plants was at a distance of 1500 m from the highways. We measured the length and thickness of the annual sprout, number of leaves on it, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and accumulation of cadmium and lead in the leaf tissues. It was found that, compared to the plants in the relatively clean area, the greatest decreases in the length of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations were for those which were at a distance of twenty five metres and forty meters from the traffic lanes of the highways. The thickness of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations did not differ from plants in the clean zone. The number of leaves on a one-year annual sprout at a distance of twenty five meters and forty meters from the path of moving sources of pollution was significantly lower compared to control. We evaluated the impact of vehicle exhaust emissions on the assimilatory organs. We identified a negative effect of the anthropogenic pollutants on photosynthetic pigment content in leaves. The amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased with decreasing distance from the plantation to the road. Changes in the content of chlorophyll b had a clear pattern. The concentration of this pigment and the amount of chlorophyll a + b decreased compared with control in the 130 meter area. The amount of toxic heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in the tissues of the leaf was significantly higher than the control values on all plots. The strongest negative effects of phytotoxicants on susceptible plants occurred in plantations in the twenty-five-meter zone, which led to deterioration of the decorative quality of the plants.

scholarly journals Dampak Pencemaran Udara Terhadap Kualitas Udara Di Provinsi Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Decy Arwini
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
The One ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource ◽  
The Impact

The development of transportation technology now has made distance become increasingly meaningless, but without realizing there has been a degradation of the environment as a direct impact of the development of transportation technology. Exhaust emissions produced by each vehicle have now become the main source of pollution, which is about 70% of all factors causing pollution. Unconsciously that so far the air quality that is inhaled by the community has slowly decreased so that it is not realized until an adverse impact appears, then the community then realizes that there has been a very complicated problem as a result of transportation that is less environmentally friendly. Most of the fuel for transportation comes from refined petroleum which is a non-renewable natural resource so that on the one hand it has caused air pollution which greatly affects health besides the amount of raw material for fuel production of these vehicles is also running low so prices are set for consumption society also becomes more expensive.The purpose of this research is to find out how much the level of air pollution in Bali Province at several sample points as a result of motor vehicles, to find out the type and amount of hazardous gas content produced by motor vehicles in Bali Province, to determine the impact caused by the exhaust gas of the vehicle on the health of the respiratory tract of residents of the Province of Bali, as well as ways that can be taken to reduce the negative impact resulting from pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Gasoline direct injection vehicles exceed port fuel injection ones in both primary aerosol emission and secondary aerosol formation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuofei Du ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
Jianfei Peng ◽  
Wenbin Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Gasoline vehicles greatly contribute importantly to urban particulate matter (PM) pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, known as their higher fuel efficiency than that of port fuel injection (PFI) engines, have been increasingly employed in new gasoline vehicles. However, the impact of this trend on air quality is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from GDI and PFI vehicles under urban-like condition, using combined approaches involving chassis dynamometer measurement and environmental chamber simulation. The PFI vehicle emits slightly more volatile organic compounds, e.g., benzene and toluene, whereas the GDI vehicle emits more particulate components, e.g., the total PM, elemental carbon, primary organic aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Strikingly, a much higher SOA production (by a factor of approximately 2.7) is found from the exhaust of the GDI vehicle than that of the PFI vehicle under the same conditions. More importantly, the higher SOA production found in the GDI vehicle exhaust occurs concurrently with lower concentrations of traditional SOA precursors, e.g., benzene and toluene, indicating a greater contribution of intermediate volatility organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds in the GDI vehicle exhaust to the SOA formation. Our results highlight the considerable potential contribution of GDI vehicles to urban air pollution in the future.

The Doctor Faustus Dossier

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Daub
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Doctor Faustus ◽  
Public Lives ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
The Impact

Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann, two towering figures of twentieth-century music and literature, both found refuge in the German-exile community in Los Angeles during the Nazi era. This complete edition of their correspondence provides a glimpse inside their private and public lives and culminates in the famous dispute over Mann's novel Doctor Faustus. In the thick of the controversy was Theodor Adorno, then a budding philosopher, whose contribution to the Faustus affair would make him an enemy of both families. Gathered here for the first time in English, the letters are complemented by diary entries, related articles, and other primary source materials, as well as an introduction that contextualizes the impact that these two great artists had on twentieth-century thought and culture.

Toxic Political Leadership and the Problems of Professionals in Free State Municipalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matheakuena Mohale
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Free State ◽  
Audit Report ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Auditor General ◽  
Appointed Officials ◽  
The Impact

The 2016–17 Audit Report by the Auditor General points to the deterioration in audit results of South African municipalities. This deterioration confirms the perennial dysfunctionality of municipalities, at least from the governance perspective. Corporate governance is a function of leadership. Municipal councils are, therefore, responsible for the overall performance of municipalities they lead. Sound regulatory framework, good plans, clear strategies, policies, and systems are inadequate if not supported by highly gifted and ethical leadership. The Auditor General’s Audit Report suggests that local government struggles the most in the area of ethics. The Principal-Agent Theory argues that appointed officials are more likely to subvert the interests of an organisation. However, this article argues that the primary source of problems in municipalities is a combination of ineptitude and unethical political leadership taking root. This conclusion is based on the empirical comparative cases of eight municipalities in the Free State Province.  The conduct of councillors makes it difficult to attract and retain professionals in municipalities, resulting in notable deficiencies in the delivery of services. Essentially, councillors are the root cause for governance failure in municipalities arising from a number of factors. Findings in this study contribute towards the understanding of the impact of leadership in the failure of municipalities to meet good governance and developmental objectives. Further, they deepen the theoretical understanding of the political-administrative interface.

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