scholarly journals Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Measured by B-Mode Ultrasound to Assess and Monitor Obesity and Cardio–Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Karin Schmid-Zalaudek ◽  
Bianca Brix ◽  
Marietta Sengeis ◽  
Andreas Jantscher ◽  
Alfred Fürhapter-Rieger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Monitoring of children at heightened risk of cardio–metabolic diseases raises the need for accurate assessment of obesity. A standardized approach for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) by bright-mode ultrasound was evaluated in relation to body indices and anthropometry in a cross-sectional sample of 76 South African children (7–10 years) and 86 adolescents (13–17 years) to assess cardio–metabolic risk. SAT was higher in girls as compared to boys (children: 50.0 ± 21.7 mm > 34.42 ± 15.8 mm, adolescents: 140.9 ± 59.4 mm > 79.5 ± 75.6 mm, p < 0.001) and up to four times higher in adolescents than in children. In children, measures of relative body weight showed only a poor correlation to SAT (BMI: r = 0.607, p < 0.001), while in adolescents, BMI correlated high with SAT (r = 0.906, p < 0.001) based on high rates of overweight and obesity (41.8%). Children with identical BMIs may have large differences (>2–3-fold) in their amount of SAT. The moderate association to systolic (r = 0.534, r = 0.550, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.402, r = 0.262, p < 0.001) further substantiates that SAT measured by ultrasound provides an accurate, safe and easy applicable approach for monitoring in children and adolescents at cardio–metabolic risk.

scholarly journals Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and associations with cardiometabolic risk in Inuit, Africans and Europeans: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e038071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille Falberg Rønn ◽  
Gregers Stig Andersen ◽  
Torsten Lauritzen ◽  
Dirk Lund Christensen ◽  
Mette Aadahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

ObjectivesAbdominal fat has been identified as a risk marker of cardiometabolic disease independent of overall adiposity. However, it is not clear whether there are ethnic disparities in this risk. We investigated the associations of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with cardiometabolic risk factors in three ethnic diverse populations of Inuit, Africans and Europeans.DesignCross-sectional pooled study.SettingGreenland, Kenya and Denmark.MethodsA total of 5113 participants (2933 Inuit, 1397 Africans and 783 Europeans) from three studies in Greenland, Kenya and Denmark were included. Measurements included abdominal fat distribution assessed by ultrasound, oral glucose tolerance test, hepatic insulin resistance, blood pressure and lipids. The associations were analysed using multiple linear regressions.ResultsAcross ethnic group and gender, an increase in VAT of 1 SD was associated with higher levels of hepatic insulin resistance (ranging from 14% to 28%), triglycerides (8% to 16%) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, −1.0 to −0.05 mmol/L) independent of body mass index. VAT showed positive associations with most of the other cardiometabolic risk factors in Inuit and Europeans, but not in Africans. In contrast, SAT was mainly associated with the outcomes in Inuit and Africans. Of notice was that higher SAT was associated with higher HDL-C in African men (0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.18) and with lower HDL-C in Inuit (−0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.12 to –0.02), but not in European men (−0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.09 to 0.05). Generally weaker associations were observed for women. Furthermore, the absolute levels of several of the cardiometabolic outcomes differed between the ethnic groups.ConclusionsVAT and SAT were associated with several of the cardiometabolic risk factors beyond overall adiposity. Some of these associations were specific to ethnicity, suggesting that ethnicity plays a role in the pathway from abdominal fat to selected cardiometabolic risk factors.

scholarly journals Impacts of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue on Metabolic Risk Factors in Middle-aged Japanese

Obesity ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rie Oka ◽  
Katsuyuki Miura ◽  
Masaru Sakurai ◽  
Koshi Nakamura ◽  
Kunimasa Yagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

scholarly journals Measurement Site and the Association Between Visceral and Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue With Metabolic Risk in Women

Obesity ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Kuk ◽  
Timothy S. Church ◽  
Steven N. Blair ◽  
Robert Ross
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Measurement Site ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

scholarly journals The color of fat and its central role in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melania Gaggini ◽  
Fabrizia Carli ◽  
Amalia Gastaldelli
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractExcess caloric intake does not always translate to an expansion of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and increase in fat mass. It is now recognized that adipocyte type (white, WAT, or brown, BAT), size (large vs. small) and metabolism are important factors for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. When the subcutaneous adipose tissue is not able to expand in response to increased energy intake the excess substrate is stored as visceral adipose tissue or as ectopic fat in tissues as muscle, liver and pancreas. Moreover, adipocytes become dysfunctional (adiposopathy, or sick fat), adipokines secretion is increased, fat accumulates in ectopic sites like muscle and liver and alters insulin signaling, increasing the demand for insulin secretion. Thus, there are some subjects that despite having normal weight have the metabolic characteristics of the obese (NWMO), while some obese expand their SAT and remain metabolically healthy (MHO). In this paper we have reviewed the recent findings that relate the metabolism of adipose tissue and its composition to metabolic diseases. In particular, we have discussed the possible role of dysfunctional adipocytes and adipose tissue resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin on the development of impaired glucose metabolism. Finally we have reviewed the possible role of BAT vs. WAT in the alteration of lipid and glucose metabolism and the recent studies that have tried to stimulate browning in human adipose tissue.

Competitive Performance of Kenyan Runners Compared to their Relative Body Weight and Fat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta Sengeis ◽  
Wolfram Müller ◽  
Paul Störchle ◽  
Alfred Fürhapter-Rieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Relative Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractBody fat values obtained with various measurement methods deviate substantially in many cases. The standardised brightness-mode ultrasound method was used in 32 Kenyan elite long-distance runners to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses at an accuracy and reliability level not reached by any other method. Subcutaneous adipose tissue forms the dominating part of body fat. Additionally, body mass (m), height (h), sitting height (s), leg length, and the mass index MI1 =0.53m/(hs) were determined. MI1 considers leg length, which the body mass index ignores. MI1 values of all participants were higher than their body mass indices. Both indices for relative body weight were within narrow ranges, although thickness sums of subcutaneous adipose tissue deviated strongly (women: 20–82 mm; men: 3–36 mm). Men had 2.1 times more embedded fasciae in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the subgroup with personal best times below world record time plus 10%, no correlation between performance and body mass index was found, and there was also no correlation with sums of subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses. Within the data ranges found here, extremely low relative body weight or low body fat were no criteria for the level of performance, therefore, pressure towards too low values may be disadvantageous.

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