scholarly journals Relaying Aversive Ultrasonic Alarm Calls Depends on Previous Experience. Empathy, Social Buffering, or Panic?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Karwicka ◽  
Marta Wiatrowska ◽  
Kacper Kondrakiewicz ◽  
Ewelina Knapska ◽  
Miron Bartosz Kursa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
Experienced Observer ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Shock Experience

Ultrasonic vocalizations are among the oldest evolutionarily forms of animal communication. In order to study the communication patterns in an aversive social situation, we used a behavioral model in which one animal, the observer, is witnessing as his cagemate, the demonstrator, is experiencing a series of mild electrical foot shocks. We studied the effect of the foot shock experience on the observer and the influence of a warning sound (emitted shortly before the shock) on USV communication. These experiments revealed that such a warning seems to increase the arousal level, which differentiates the responses depending on previous experience. This can be identified by the emission of characteristic, short 22 kHz calls of a duration below 100 ms. Two rats emitted calls that overlapped in time. Analysis of these overlaps revealed that in ‘warned’ pairs with a naive observer, 22 kHz calls were mixed with 50 kHz calls. This fact, combined with a high fraction of very high-pitched 50 kHz calls (over 75 kHz), suggests the presence of the phenomenon of social buffering. Pure 22 kHz overlaps were mostly found in ‘warned’ pairs with an experienced observer, suggesting a possible fear contagion with distress sharing. The results show the importance of dividing 22 kHz calls into long and short categories.

scholarly journals Relaying Aversive USVs Alarm Calls Depends on the Previous Experience. Empathy, Social Buffering or Panic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Karwicka ◽  
Marta Wiatrowska ◽  
Kacper Kondrakiewicz ◽  
Ewelina Knapska ◽  
Miron Bartosz Kursa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
Naive Observer ◽  
Experienced Observer ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Very High

Abstract: Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are one of the evolutionarily oldest forms of animal communication. In order to study the communication architecture in an aversive social situation, we used a behavioral model in which one animal, the observer, is witnessing as his cagemate, the demonstrator, is experiencing a series of mild electrical foot-shocks (aversive stimuli). We studied the effect of foot-shocks experience in the observer and the influence of a warning sound (emit-ted shortly before the shock is applied) on USVs communication. These experiments revealed that such a warning seems to increase the arousal level, which differentiates the responses depending on previous experience. It can be identified by the emission of characteristic, short 22-kHz calls, of a duration below 100 ms. Furthermore, by analyzing temporally overlapping USVs, we found that in ‘Warned’ pairs with a naive observer, 22-kHz were mixed with 50-kHz calls. This fact, combined with a high fraction of very high-pitched 50-kHz calls (over 75-kHz), suggests the presence of the phenomenon of social buffering. On the other hand, in ‘Warned’ pairs with an experienced observer, pure 22-kHz overlaps were mostly found, signifying possible fear contagion with dis-tress sharing. Hence the importance of differentiating 22-kHz calls to long and short.

scholarly journals Wsparcie dziecka w sytuacji rozwodu rodziców

2016 ◽  
pp. 457-474
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Lewicka-Zelent ◽  
Sylwia Huczuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Family Situation ◽  
New Family ◽  
Special Support ◽  
Child Research ◽  
Very High

The parents’ divorce consti­tutes a threat to the mental, emotion­al and social development of the child. Research done hitherto points to direct and deferred negative consequences of divorce for all family members, espe­cially the youngest ones, susceptible to the influence of others – the children. This difficult crisis situation is reflect­ed in the behaviour of the adults who are experiencing it. Adult children of divorcing parents frequently live with the stigma of a child who is rejected and unloved. As a result, they function ab­normally in families of their own. It is therefore important to provide special support for the children whose parents have decided to divorce. Family me­diation is a good opportunity to set­tle the material and social situation of these families. Mediation meetings can help parents realize the mistakes they make which arise from very high lev­els of negative emotions resulting from the break ­up. This article aims to show the effects of the parents’ divorce on the children and to show specific ways to as­sist them in overcoming this crisis sit­uation. One of the suggestions of sup­port is the use of therapeutic fairy tales to explain to children the new family situation in which they find themselves. Proceeding from this assumption, the authors of the article decided to gather the opinions of parents and their chil­dren about fairy tales about divorce. For this purpose we have employed a ques­tionnaire of our own as well as fairy tales written for children of divorcing parents.

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Professional Symphony Orchestra Musicians in Greece: A Pilot Study Concerning Age, Gender, and Instrument-Specific Results

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimosthenis G Fotiadis ◽  
Eleni G Fotiadou ◽  
Dimitrios G Kokaridas ◽  
Argyrios C Mylonas
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorder ◽  
Symphony Orchestra ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High

This study was designed to investigate the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders among musicians in a professional-level symphony orchestra in Greece. The sample consisted of 147 musicians (97 men, 50 women) of the Athens and Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra. The mean age of the musicians was 38.97 years (range 24 to 67, SD 9.68), while the years of experience in the orchestra ranged from 1 to 35 (mean 14.2, SD 8.47). The data were collected with the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire, which records the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders. Our results showed a very high percentage (81.6%) of the musicians had suffered at least once, during their professional career, some kind of musculoskeletal disorder that was associated with pain or discomfort and was directly related to their profession. More than two-thirds of the musicians had also suffered a problem in the hand and neck areas during the last 12 months. Musculoskeletal disorders appeared to be related to gender, age, kind of instrument played, and duration of rehearsing/performing, along with previous experience. In summary, there is a high frequency of injury among professional-level musicians in Greece reported in our study, highlighting the obvious need to develop prevention programs.

The Russian Population in Times of Economic Difficulties: Limits of adaptability

2014 ◽  
pp. 140-150
Author(s):  
E. Gontmakher
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Very High

The article analyzes the current tendencies of economic development of Russia from the point of view of their influence on the social situation of the population. It examines the main risks that could affect the deterioration of this situation and possible consequences of their realization. The conclusion is that the social model, which is characterized by very high potential adaptability and does not motivate people to move to nationwide open protests, continues to operate in Russia. Only elite groups of Russian society can become the source of radical change provoked by growing economic problems.

scholarly journals Predictors of Emergency Department Use among Individuals with Current or Previous Experience of Homelessness

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Gabet ◽  
Guy Grenier ◽  
Zhirong Cao ◽  
Marie-Josée Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Emergency Department Use ◽  
Andersen Behavioral Model ◽  
Permanent Housing ◽  
Different Types

This study assessed the contributions of predisposing, enabling, and needs factors in predicting emergency department (ED) use among 270 individuals with current or previous experience of homelessness. Participants were recruited from three different types of housing (shelter, temporary housing and permanent housing) in Montreal, Quebec (Canada). They were interviewed at baseline (T0), and again 12 months after recruitment (T1). Longitudinal data analyses were conducted on associations between a set of baseline predictors (T0) with the dependent variable (ED users vs. non-users) from T1. Predictors were identified according to the Gelberg–Andersen Behavioral Model. Findings revealed two needs factors associated with ED use: having a substance use disorder (SUD) and low perceived physical health. Two enabling factors, use of ambulatory specialized services and stigma, were also related to ED use. No predisposing factors were retained in the model, and ED use was not associated with type of housing. Improvements are needed in SUD and physical health management in order to reduce ED use, as well as interventions aimed at stigma prevention for this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Monitoring tools for the CMS muon detector: present workflows and future automation

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 06001
Author(s):  
Cesare Calabria
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Muon Detector ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Modern Machine

The CMS Muon System has been operated successfully during the two LHC runs allowing to collect a very high fraction of data with a quality that fulfils the requirements to be used for physics analysis. Nevertheless, the workflows used nowadays to operate and monitor the detector are rather expensive in terms of human resources. Focus is therefore being put on improving such workflows, both by applying automated statistical tests and exploiting modern machine learning algorithms, in view of the future LHC runs. The ecosystem of tools presently in use will be presented, together with the state of the art of the developments toward more automatized monitoring and the roadmap for the future.

Adaptability Tradeoffs in the Design of Self-Organizing Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Humann ◽  
Newsha Khani ◽  
Yan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
High Fitness ◽  
Random Initial Conditions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Design Tradeoffs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Self Organizing

Self-organizing systems have great potential for adaptability, but as complex systems, they can also be prone to unpredictable behavior, cascading failures, and sensitivity to perturbations. Also, designing systems for adaptability may introduce overhead that reduces their performance. This paper investigates the design tradeoffs between adaptability and performance in the context of a box-pushing task. Using a genetic algorithm to optimize a parametric behavioral model, we are able to test systems optimized under different conditions for performance and reliability. It was found that a system optimized in the face of random initial conditions and internal perturbations was more robust than a system optimized without these perturbations, showing a higher overall fitness over diverse trials, but it could not take advantage of particular initial conditions that would have allowed it to achieve a one-off high fitness in a repeatable environment. A system optimized with predesigned initial conditions was found to achieve a very high fitness, but when it was retested with random initial conditions, its performance plummeted, indicating that it was fit to the ideal initial conditions but not robust.

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