scholarly journals Faces of Pain during Dental Procedures: Reliability of Scoring Facial Expressions in Print Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1207
Author(s):  
Frank Lobbezoo ◽  
Xuan Mai Lam ◽  
Savannah de la Mar ◽  
Liza J. M. van de Rijt ◽  
Miriam Kunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Impaired Cognition

Background: Observational tools have been developed to assess pain in cognitively impaired individuals. It is not known, however, whether these tools are universal enough so that even pain depicted in print art can be assessed reliably. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability in scoring facial expressions of pain in dental print art from the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, using a Short Form of the 15-item Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15-SF) tool. Methods: Seventeen prints of patients undergoing dental procedures were scored twice by two inexperienced observers and an expert and once by a Gold Standard observer. Results: All observers achieved high intra-observer reliability for all four items of the category “facial expressions” and for three items of the category “body movements” (ICC: 0.748–0.991). The remaining two items of the category “body movements”, viz., “rubbing” and “restlessness”, were excluded from further research because it was not possible to calculate a reliable ICC. Overall, the intra-observer reliability of the expert was higher than that of the inexperienced observers. The inter-observer reliability scores varied from poor to excellent (ICC: 0.000–0.970). In comparison to the Gold Standard, the inter-observer reliability of the expert was higher than that of the inexperienced observers. Conclusion: The PAIC15-SF tool is universal enough even to allow reliable assessment of facial expressions of pain depicted in dental print art.

scholarly journals Development of a Facial Expression Scale Using Farrowing as a Model of Pain in Sows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2113
Author(s):  
Elena Navarro ◽  
Eva Mainau ◽  
Xavier Manteca
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Moderate Pain ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Silver Standard ◽  
Standard Observer

Changes in facial expression have been shown to be a useful tool to assess pain severity in humans and animals, but facial scales have not yet been developed for all species. A facial expression scale in sows was developed using farrowing as a pain model. Five potential facial zones were identified: (i) Tension above eyes, (ii) Snout angle, (iii) Neck tension, (iv) Temporal tension and ear position (v), and Cheek tension. Facial zones were examined through 263 images of a total of 21 sows at farrowing, characterizing moments of non-pain (19 days post-farrowing; score 0), moderate pain (time interval between the delivery of two consecutive piglets; score 1) and severe pain (during active piglet delivery; score 2). Images were evaluated by a “Silver Standard” observer with experience in sows’ facial expressions, and by a group of eight animal welfare scientists, without experience in it, but who received a one-hour training session on how to assess pain in sows’ faces. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of the facial expression ranged from moderate to very good for all facial expression zones, with Tension above eyes, Snout angle, and Neck tension showing the highest reliability. In conclusion, monitoring facial expressions seems to be a useful tool to assess pain caused by farrowing.

scholarly journals Persebaya dan Bonek: Simbol-Simbol Komunikasi Supporter Sepakbola Komunitas “Syndicate Bonek Keputih (SBK)”

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iqbal Alamsyah ◽  
Iwan Joko Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Symbolic Interactionism ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

As social beings, humans will not be separated from its name a symbol of communication. Therefore, the purpose and objective of the research is to find out the symbols of communication and the meaning and message of using symbols of support communication for the persebaya among the SBK supporters community. In giving their support, this community mostly expresses it through certain symbols with their own meanings and messages. So the type of research used is descriptive qualitative using the Symbolic interactionism theory approach. Data obtained through interviews and direct observation in the field. From the results of the data obtained, it was concluded that the symbols of communication that happens or is done within the community to support SBK there are two symbols of verbal and non-verbal. Verbal symbols are used in the form of yells, songs or chants that they have created and always sung throughout the game. While non-verbal symbols there are three, namely, in the form of apparel / clothing made and worn every game. Certain facial expressions that appear or occur. And body movements that are intentionally done or occur accidentally.Sebagai makhluk sosial, manusia tidak akan terlepas dari namanya simbol komunikasi. Sebab itu, Maksud dan tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui simbol komunikasi serta makna dan pesan dari penggunaan simbol-simbol komunikasi dukungan pada persebaya dikalangan komunitas suporter SBK. Dalam memberikan dukungannya, komunitas ini kebanyakan mengungkapkannya melalui simbol tertentu dengan makna dan pesan tersendiri. Sehingga tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori Interaksionisme Simbolik. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dan observasi langsung dilapangan. Dari hasil data yang diperoleh, disimpulkan bahwa simbol-simbol komunikasi yang terjadi atau dilakukan kalangan komunitas SBK dalam mendukung ada dua yaitu simbol verbal dan non verbal. Simbol verbal yang digunakan berupa yel-yel, nyanyian atau chant yang diciptakan dan selalu dinyanyikan mereka sepanjang pertandingan. Sedangkan simbol non verbal ada tiga yaitu, berupa pakaian/busana yang dibuat dan dikenakan setiap pertandingan. Ekspresi wajah tertentu yang muncul atau terjadi. Dan gerakan tubuh yang sengaja dilakukan atau terjadi secara tidak sengaja.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Accuracy of Three-dimensional Ultrasonography in Detection of Endometrial Lesions compared with Hysteroscopy in Infertile Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-397
Author(s):  
Firoozeh Ahmadi ◽  
Farnaz Akhbari ◽  
Fatemeh Niknejad ◽  
Hadieh Haghighi ◽  
Zahra Ghahremani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Uterine Anomalies

ABSTRACT Introduction Two of the most frequent procedures performed on infertile women are two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) and three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). Hysteroscopy is considered as the gold standard for evaluation of acquired endometrial lesions in infertile women; however, 3DUS is used as a noninvasive, less expensive, and reliable assessment method for evaluation of the intrauterine lesions in infertile women. We aimed to compare the diagnostic efficiency between 3DUS and hysteroscopy in the detection of lesions (polyps, submucous leiomyoma, and synechiae) in infertile women. Materials and methods In this prospective observational study, infertile women (n = 155) with indication of hysteroscopy were scheduled to undergo 3DUS prior to hysteroscopy from September 2010 to 2011. Women with suspected congenital uterine anomalies were excluded. The sensitivity and specificity values of 3DUS were compared with those of hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy was used as the gold standard for diagnosis of intrauterine lesions in infertile women. Results Of the 155 women, 50 were found to have an intracavitary abnormality, 36 had polyps, 12 had myomas, and 7 had synechiae on hysteroscopic findings. Examination with 3DUS in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions reached an accuracy of 94%, and 92.15 and 96.9% of sensitivity and specificity respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.9%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) was 91.3% (LR+ = 10.75, LR+ = 0.065). Conclusion According to our results, 3DUS has a reliable diagnostic accuracy for intrauterine lesions, and it may limit unnecessary hysteroscopy in patients with normal results. How to cite this article Ahmadi F, Haghighi H, Ghahremani Z, Niknejad F, Akhbari F, Ramezanali F, Chehrazi M. Diagnostic Accuracy of Three-dimensional Ultrasonography in Detection of Endometrial Lesions compared with Hysteroscopy in Infertile Women. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):393-397.

The application of facial expressions to the assessment of orofacial pain in cognitively impaired older adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 138 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Tung Hsu ◽  
Stephen K. Shuman ◽  
Darryl T. Hamamoto ◽  
James S. Hodges ◽  
Karen S. Feldt
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Cognitively Impaired

A Pilot Study of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sampling and Selection to Increase Medication Adherence in Low-Income Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L Cropsey ◽  
Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger ◽  
Michelle L Sisson ◽  
Keith R Chichester ◽  
Mickeah Hugley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Cessation Treatment

Abstract Introduction Adherence to smoking cessation medications remains suboptimal, particularly among low-income smokers. Guided, experiential sampling of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) may increase NRT adherence and smoking cessation over gold standard counseling plus NRT. The present pilot study aimed to examine feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a novel experiential intervention. Aims and Methods This pilot randomized controlled trial (N = 83) compared gold standard smoking cessation treatment (four weekly sessions of behavioral counseling followed by self-selected combination NRT in week 5) to a novel experiential approach (ie, In Vivo; four weekly sessions of sampling each short form of NRT-gum, lozenge, inhaler, nasal spray-in-session while wearing the nicotine patch followed by NRT selection in week 5). Both groups received 8 weeks of nicotine patch plus their selected additional short form NRT for smoking cessation followed by a 1-month assessment. Results Screening and enrollment rates supported feasibility. In Vivo was comparable in acceptability with the gold standard of care intervention; however, there was greater attrition in the In Vivo group compared with the gold standard of care group. Results suggested higher medication adherence and improvements in smoking behavior in the In Vivo intervention; with generally small-to-medium effect sizes. Conclusions This experiential approach to sampling NRT is feasible and acceptable to low-income people who smoke. This intervention may increase adherence and reduce harmful smoking behavior but needs to be tested on a larger scale. Implications Medication adherence remains a significant impediment to the successful smoking cessation. The results of this study suggest that guided sampling of NRT products improves adherence among low-income smokers. Additionally, this approach yielded greater improvements in smoking behavior compared with gold standard smoking cessation treatment. This intervention shows promise as a feasible smoking cessation treatment for low-income smokers.

Towards an Articulation-Based Developmental Robotics Approach for Word Processing in Face-to-Face Communication

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd J. Kröger ◽  
Peter Birkholz ◽  
Christiane Neuschaefer-Rube
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Developmental Robotics ◽  
Speech Acquisition ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Basic Scenario ◽  
Face To Face

AbstractWhile we are capable of modeling the shape, e.g. face, arms, etc. of humanoid robots in a nearly natural or human-like way, it is much more difficult to generate human-like facial or body movements and human-like behavior like e.g. speaking and co-speech gesturing. In this paper it will be argued for a developmental robotics approach for learning to speak. On the basis of current literature a blueprint of a brain model will be outlined for this kind of robots and preliminary scenarios for knowledge acquisition will be described. Furthermore it will be illustrated that natural speech acquisition mainly results from learning during face-to-face communication and it will be argued that learning to speak should be based on human-robot face-to-face communication. Here the human acts like a caretaker or teacher and the robot acts like a speech-acquiring toddler. This is a fruitful basic scenario not only for learning to speak, but also for learning to communicate in general, including to produce co-verbal manual gestures and to produce co-verbal facial expressions.

scholarly journals How Can Music Foster Intimacy?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shoemark
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Body Movements

Our first intimate relationship is with our parents.  As babies, we are deeply dependent on our parents for safety and nurturing.  The connection between us is created by our facial expressions, our body movements and our sounds.  All of these have qualities which can be explained by our innate musicality.

scholarly journals Mengkaji Film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button dengan Semiotika

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Dian Rinjani
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Moving Images ◽  
Production Part

ABSTRAK Film merupakan salah satu bidang yang relevan bagi analisis semiotika. Analisis semiotik pada film berlangsung pada teks yang merupakan struktur dari produksi tanda. Bagian struktur penandaan dalam film biasanya terdapat dalam unsur tanda paling kecil, dalam film disebut scen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pendekatan ini dianggap sesuai, dengan prosedur yang dilakukan peneliti,, menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata kata yang dihasilkan dari mengamati tanda tanda berupa visual, gambar bergerak, bahasa tubuh dan audio/suara yang terdapat dalam film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini adalah beberapa potongan adegan yang mewakili film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. Bisa ditarik kesimpulan bahwa di dalam sebuah film seperti  The Curious Of Benjamin Button penonton bisa membaca tanda yang diberikan oleh pemeran pemeran film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. Melalui tanda-tanda seperti suara, gerakan tubuh, raut muka,, tampilan tokoh-tokoh dan lainnya yang ada di dalam film, penonton dapat menyimpulan isi sebuah film dari tanda tanda yang diberikan oleh sutradara selama film berlangsung. Oleh karena itu dalam membuat film seperti pengambilan gambar dan semua unsur-unsur yang ada didalam sebuah film tidak bisa dibuat dengan sembarangan. Apabila pembuatan film dibuat sembarangan cerita atau maksud dari sutradara tidak akan tersampaikan dengan baik.  Kata kunci:  Film, Semiotika, Proxemics, Visual, Tanda. ABSTRACT Film is one of the relevant fields for semiotic analysis. The semiotic analysis of the film takes place in the text which is the structure of the sign production. Part of the marking structure in a film is usually contained in the smallest sign element, in a film called a scen. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach. This approach is considered appropriate, with the procedure carried out by the researcher, producing descriptive data in the form of words produced from observing signs in the form of visual, moving images, body language and audio / sound contained in the film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. The scope of this research are several scenes that represent the film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. It can be concluded that in a film like The Curious Of Benjamin Button, the audience can read the sign given by the cast of the film The Curious Of Benjamin Button. Through signs such as sound, body movements, facial expressions, the appearance of characters and others in the film, the audience can conclude the contents of a film from the signs given by the director during the film. Therefore, in making films such as taking pictures and all the elements in a film cannot be made carelessly. If the filmmaking is made carelessly the story or the director's intentions will not be conveyed properly.  Keywords: Films, Semiotics, Proxemics, Visuals, Signs

scholarly journals Facial movements have over twenty dimensions of perceived meaning that are only partially captured with traditional methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Cowen ◽  
Kunalan Manokara ◽  
Xia Fang ◽  
Disa Sauter ◽  
Jeffrey A Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Free Response ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
Perceived Emotion

Central to science and technology are questions about how to measure facial expression. The current gold standard is the facial action coding system (FACS), which is often assumed to account for all facial muscle movements relevant to perceived emotion. However, the mapping from FACS codes to perceived emotion is not well understood. Six prototypical configurations of facial action units (AU) are sometimes assumed to account for perceived emotion, but this hypothesis remains largely untested. Here, using statistical modeling, we examine how FACS codes actually correspond to perceived emotions in a wide range of naturalistic expressions. Each of 1456 facial expressions was independently FACS coded by two experts (r = .84, κ = .84). Naive observers reported the emotions they perceived in each expression in many different ways, including emotions (N = 666); valence, arousal and appraisal dimensions (N =1116); authenticity (N = 121), and free response (N = 193). We find that facial expressions are much richer in meaning than typically assumed: At least 20 patterns of facial muscle movements captured by FACS have distinct perceived emotional meanings. Surprisingly, however, FACS codes do not offer a complete description of real-world facial expressions, capturing no more than half of the reliable variance in perceived emotion. Our findings suggest that the perceived emotional meanings of facial expressions are most accurately and efficiently represented using a wide range of carefully selected emotion concepts, such as the Cowen & Keltner (2019) taxonomy of 28 emotions. Further work is needed to characterize the anatomical bases of these facial expressions.

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