scholarly journals Altered Effective Connectivity within an Oculomotor Control Network in Unaffected Relatives of Individuals with Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Matthew Lehet ◽  
Ivy F. Tso ◽  
Sohee Park ◽  
Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers ◽  
Ilse A. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Waiting Strategy

The ability to rapidly stop or change a planned action is a critical cognitive process that is impaired in schizophrenia. The current study aimed to examine whether this impairment reflects familial vulnerability to schizophrenia across two experiments comparing unaffected first-degree relatives to healthy controls. First, we examined performance on a saccadic stop-signal task that required rapid inhibition of an eye movement. Then, in a different sample, we investigated behavioral and neural responses (using fMRI) during a stop-signal task variant that required rapid modification of a prepared eye movement. Here, we examined differences between relatives and healthy controls in terms of activation and effective connectivity within an oculomotor control network during task performance. Like individuals with schizophrenia, the unaffected relatives showed behavioral evidence for more inefficient inhibitory processes. Unlike previous findings in individuals with schizophrenia, however, the relatives showed evidence for a compensatory waiting strategy. Behavioral differences were accompanied by more activation among the relatives in task-relevant regions across conditions and group differences in effective connectivity across the task that were modulated differently by the instruction to exert control over a planned saccade. Effective connectivity parameters were related to behavioral measures of inhibition efficiency. The results suggest that individuals at familial risk for schizophrenia were engaging an oculomotor control network differently than controls and in a way that compromises inhibition efficiency.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Control on a Stop Signal Task in Tourette Syndrome before and after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Francesca Morreale ◽  
Zinovia Kefalopoulou ◽  
Ludvic Zrinzo ◽  
Patricia Limousin ◽  
Eileen Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Deep Brain

As part of the first randomized double-blind trial of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GPi) in Tourette syndrome, we examined the effect of stimulation on response initiation and inhibition. A total of 14 patients with severe Tourette syndrome were recruited and tested on the stop signal task prior to and after GPi-DBS surgery and compared to eight age-matched healthy controls. Tics were significantly improved following GPi-DBS. The main measure of reactive inhibition, the stop signal reaction time did not change from before to after surgery and did not differ from that of healthy controls either before or after GPi-DBS surgery. This suggests that patients with Tourette syndrome have normal reactive inhibition which is not significantly altered by GPi-DBS.

Abstract W P140: Post-stroke Oculomotor Abnormalities evident during Objective Eye Tracking but Not under Clinical Assessment

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John-Ross Rizzo ◽  
Todd Hudson ◽  
Briana Kowal ◽  
Michal Wiseman ◽  
Preeti Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Control Post

Introduction: Visual abnormalities and manual motor control have been studied extensively after stroke, but an understanding of oculomotor control post-stroke has not. Recent studies have revealed that in visually guided reaches arm movements are planned during eye movement execution, which may contribute to increased task complexity. In fact, in healthy controls during visually guided reaches, the onset of eye movement is delayed, its velocity reduced, and endpoint errors are larger relative to isolated eye movements. Our objective in this experiment was to examine the temporal properties of eye movement execution for stroke patients with no diagnosed visual impairment. The goal is to improve understanding of oculomotor control in stroke relative to normal function, and ultimately further understand its coordination with manual motor control during joint eye and hand movements. We hypothesized that stroke patients would show abnormal initiation or onset latency for saccades made in an eye movement task, as compared to healthy controls. Methods: We measured the kinematics of eye movements during point-to-point saccades; there was an initial static, fixation point and the stimulus was a flashed target on a computer monitor. We used a video-based eye tracker for objective recording of the eye at a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz (SR Research, Eyelink). 10 stroke subjects, over 4 months from injury and with no diagnosed visual impairment, and 10 healthy controls completed 432 saccades in a serial fashion. Results: Stroke patients had significantly faster onset latencies as compared to healthy controls during saccades (99.5ms vs. 245.2ms, p=0.00058). Conclusion: A better understanding of the variations in oculomotor control post-stroke, which may go unnoticed during clinical assessment, may improve understanding of how eye control synchronizes with arm or manual motor control. This knowledge could assist in tailoring rehabilitative strategies to amplify motor recovery. For next steps, we will perform objective eye and hand recordings during visually guided reaches post-stroke to better understand the harmonization or lack thereof after neurologic insult.

scholarly journals The motor inhibitory network in patients with asymmetrical Parkinson’s disease: An fMRI study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Loayza ◽  
Ignacio Obeso ◽  
Rafael González Redondo ◽  
Federico Villagra ◽  
Elkin Luis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Inhibitory Network ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Right

AbstractRecent imaging studies with the stop-signal task in healthy individuals indicate that the subthalamic nucleus, the pre-supplementary motor area and the inferior frontal gyrus are key components of the right hemisphere “inhibitory network”. Limited information is available regarding neural substrates of inhibitory processing in patients with asymmetric Parkinson’s disease. The aim of the current fMRI study was to identify the neural changes underlying deficient inhibitory processing on the stop-signal task in patients with predominantly left-sided Parkinson’s disease. Fourteen patients and 23 healthy controls performed a stop-signal task with the left and right hands. Behaviorally, patients showed delayed response inhibition with either hand compared to controls. We found small imaging differences for the right hand, however for the more affected left hand when behavior was successfully inhibited we found reduced activation of the inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally and the insula. Using the stop-signal delay as regressor, contralateral underactivation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal and anterior putamen were found in patients. This finding indicates dysfunction of the right inhibitory network in left-sided Parkinson’s disease. Functional connectivity analysis of the left subthalamic nucleus showed a significant increase of connectivity with bilateral insula. In contrast, the right subthalamic nucleus showed increased connectivity with visuomotor and sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum. We conclude that altered inhibitory control in left-sided Parkinson’s disease is associated with reduced activation in regions dedicated to inhibition in healthy controls, which requires engagement of additional regions, not observed in controls, to successfully stop ongoing actions.

scholarly journals Altered effective connectivity within an oculomotor control network in individuals with schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
pp. 102764
Author(s):  
Matthew Lehet ◽  
Ivy F. Tso ◽  
Sebastiaan F.W. Neggers ◽  
Ilse A. Thompson ◽  
Beier Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Control Network

scholarly journals “My Brain Can Stop”: An ERP Study of Longitudinal Prediction of Inhibitory Control in Adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tzlil Einziger ◽  
Mattan S. Ben-Shachar ◽  
Tali Devor ◽  
Michael Shmueli ◽  
Judith G. Auerbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

We examined the longitudinal predictors of electrophysiological and behavioral markers of inhibitory control in adolescence. Participants were 63 adolescent boys who have been followed since birth as part of a prospective longitudinal study on the developmental pathways to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At 17 years of age, they completed the stop-signal task (SST) while electroencephalography (EEG) was continuously recorded. Inhibitory control was evaluated by the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) as well as by the amplitude of the event-related potential (ERP) component of N2 during successful inhibition. We found that higher inattention symptoms throughout childhood predicted reduced amplitude (i.e., less negative) of the N2 in adolescence. Furthermore, the N2 amplitude was longitudinally predicted by the early precursors of child familial risk for ADHD and early childhood temperament. Specifically, father’s inattention symptoms (measured in the child’s early infancy) and child’s effortful control at 36 months of age directly predicted the N2 amplitude in adolescence, even beyond the consistency of inattention symptoms throughout development. The SSRT was predicted by ADHD symptoms throughout childhood but not by the early precursors. Our findings emphasize the relevance of early familial and temperamental risk for ADHD to the prediction of a later dysfunction in inhibitory control.

scholarly journals Functional connectivity alterations in Parkinson’s disease during the stop-signal task

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Vriend ◽  
Douglas T. Leffa ◽  
James P. Trujillo ◽  
Niels J.H.M. Gerrits ◽  
Femke E. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Dopaminergic Medication

AbstractAlthough deficits in response inhibition are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), studies on their neural correlates are relatively scarce. In our previous study, medication-naïve PD patients showed, among others, lower activation of the inhibition-related bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared with healthy controls while performing the stop-signal task. Here we report on a follow-up study in the same cohort.Fourteen medicated PD patients and 16 healthy controls performed the same stop-signal task during MRI; 3.1±1.0 years after our previous study. During that time, all PD patients had started to use dopaminergic medication. We analyzed task-related functional activity and connectivity in the bilateral IFG and anterior insula, brain regions that are important response inhibition. Task-related functional connectivity was analyzed with generalized psychophysiological interaction.PD patients were significantly slower on response initiation (GO reaction time) and response inhibition (stop-signal reaction time) than healthy controls. There were no between-group differences in functional activity. On the other hand, functional connectivity of the IFG and anterior insula was significantly lower in PD compared with healthy controls. Mainly the inferior parietal lobule and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were less connected with these seed regions.These results show that early-stage medicated PD patients show lower task-related functional connectivity but not activity of brain regions that are important for response inhibition; the IFG and anterior insula. We tentatively speculate that the use of dopaminergic medication upheld task-related activity but not connectivity.

scholarly journals Response inhibition alterations in migraine: evidence from event-related potentials and evoked oscillations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoliang Chen ◽  
Yansong Li ◽  
Zhao Dong ◽  
Rongfei Wang ◽  
Dengfa Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Prepotent Responses

Abstract Background Migraine is characterized by a hypersensitivity to environmental stimulation which climaxes during headache attacks but persists during attack-free period. Despite ongoing debates about the nature of the mechanisms giving rise to this abnormality, the presence of deficient inhibitory cortical processes has been proposed to be one possible mechanism underlying its pathogenesis. Empirical evidence supporting this claim is mainly based on previous accounts showing functional cortical disexcitability in the sensory domain. Considering that a general inhibitory control process can play an important role across early to later stage of information processing, this may indicate the important role other dimensions of inhibitory control can play in migraine disability. The present study examined the pathophysiological features of inhibitory control that takes place during suppression of prepotent responses in migraineurs. Methods Twenty-two patients with migraine without aura (mean age = 30.86 ± 5.69 years; 19 females) during the interictal period and 25 healthy controls (mean age = 30.24 ± 3.52 years; 18 females) were recruited. We used a stop signal task in combination with event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine participants’ neural activity supporting response inhibition. Results Behaviorally, migraineurs exhibited prolonged stop signal reaction times relative to healthy controls. At the neural level, the amplitude of the stop-N2 over fronto-central, central and centro-parietal scalp regions, a component of the ERPs related to conflict monitoring during early, non-motoric stages of inhibition, was significantly increased in migraineurs. Meanwhile, the amplitude of the stop-P3 over central and centro-parietal scalp regions, a component of the ERPs reflecting late-stage inhibition of the motor system and cognitive evaluation of motor inhibition, was also significantly increased in migraineurs. Ultimately, our time-frequency analysis further revealed increased delta activity in migraineurs. Conclusions Consistent with the theory that alterations in cognitive cortical processes are a key signature of migraine, our findings revealed an abnormal state of suppressing prepotent responses in migraineurs, which can be attributed to cortical disexcitability of the pre-frontal executive network and centro-parietal sensorimotor network. These novel findings extend to show the existence of dysfunctional inhibition control that occurs during suppression of prepotent responses in migraneurs.

scholarly journals A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Verbruggen ◽  
Adam Robert Aron ◽  
Guido Band ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Patrick Bissett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Correct Implementation

Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our present goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide twelve easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when these are not followed. This article is furthermore accompanied by user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.

scholarly journals Stop Signal Reaction Time Deficits in a Lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C.R. McLaughlin ◽  
Jason Kirschner ◽  
Hallee Foster ◽  
Chloe O’Connell ◽  
Steven A. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractObjectives: Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. Methods: OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. Results: OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. Conclusions: Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785–789)

Causal Prefrontal Contributions to Stop-Signal Task Performance in Humans

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Michael K. Yeung ◽  
Ami Tsuchida ◽  
Lesley K. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The frontal lobes have long been implicated in inhibitory control, but a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. The stop-signal task has been widely used to probe instructed response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience. The processes involved have been modeled and related to putative brain substrates. However, there has been surprisingly little human lesion research using this task, with the few existing studies implicating different prefrontal regions. Here, we tested the effects of focal prefrontal damage on stop-signal task performance in a large sample of people with chronic focal damage affecting the frontal lobes ( n = 42) and demographically matched healthy people ( n = 60). Patients with damage to the left lateral, right lateral, dorsomedial, or ventromedial frontal lobe had slower stop-signal RT compared to healthy controls. There were systematic differences in the patterns of impairment across frontal subgroups: Those with damage to the left or right lateral and dorsomedial frontal lobes, but not those with ventromedial frontal damage, were slower than controls to “go” as well as to stop. These findings suggest that multiple prefrontal regions make necessary but distinct contributions to stop-signal task performance. As a consequence, stop-signal RT slowing is not strongly localizing within the frontal lobes.

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