scholarly journals Historical Study and Conservation Strategies of “Tianzihao” Colony (Nanjing, China)—Architectural Heritage of the French Catholic Missions in the Late 19th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Yinghan Li ◽  
Xuanfan Li ◽  
Qiaochu Jiang ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Western World ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Building Technology ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
The Times

The “Tianzihao” colony was built by the French Jesuits in the 1890s. As one of the earliest examples of the French Catholic Church’s mission in China, as well as the only case in Nanjing, it shows the historical scenes of Western missionaries in Nanjing 120 years ago. It is a demonstration of cultural exchanges between China and the West after China opened to the Western world in the late 19th century. In architectural style, the “Tianzihao” colony is Western-style townhouses, but a large number of traditional Chinese architectural technologies were used for it, and therefore it is characterized by Western space and Chinese technology. The “Tianzihao” colony was badly damaged during these decades, with a lot of decayed building materials and structures on the verge of collapse. Based on the historical research and technical analysis of the “Tianzihao” colony, this article explores the conservation strategies and methods of reusing the architectural heritage. In addition, this article is to study the characteristics of the times before introduction of Western architectural technology in Nanjing based on an analysis on the building technology used for the “Tianzihao” colony. The authors participated in the conservation and restoration project of the “Tianzihao” colony, and the objective of this study was achieved through some qualitative methods, including collection and analysis of archival data, analysis of old maps and photos, architectural mapping and a large amount of historical information found in the conservation process.

A Discussion on valley slopes and cliffs in southern England: morphology, mechanics and Quaternary history - The development of an abandoned cliff in London Clay at Hadleigh, Essex

1976 ◽  
Vol 283 (1315) ◽  
pp. 557-604 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Accumulation Zone ◽  
Capillary Zone ◽  
London Clay ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Stability

Hadleigh Cliff forms part of a line of abandoned London Clay slopes, rising to a height of generally + 40 m o.d. or more, which extends westwards from Southend-on- Sea. The cliff, with its toe level originally at about —19 m o.d., was formed by strong fluvial erosion in the Middle and Late Devensian. By the latter part of the Late Devensian erosion had virtually ceased and since then the cliff has degraded in an episodic manner, largely in response to climatic changes. Four main stages of degradation, with intermediate periods of relative stability, have been recognized and dated, as follows: (1) Late-glacial, periglacial mudsliding, associated with a toe level of —19 m o.d. (2) Early Atlantic, temperate mudsliding, associated with a toe level which was rising with the continuing Flandrian aggradation, but lay on average at about —9m o.d. (3) Early Sub-Atlantic, temperate mudsliding, taking place to the present toe level of about + 3 m o.d. (4) A late 19th century, moderately deep-seated landslide in the crest of the slope, possibly caused in part by human interference. The times at which the first three of these stages of degradation occurred are believed to represent periods of generally increased mass movement activity in much of Britain and Europe. The present morphology of Hadleigh Cliff comprises a straight 20 scarp at the crest, an irregular and actively unstable 11° degradation zone, fronted by a smoother, quasi-stable accumulation zone inclined at about 8°. From a knowledge of the volumes and dates of the various colluvial units mantling the slope, reconstructions of earlier positions of the cliff profile are made. These indicate that during the last 10 000 years the inclination of the combined degradation zone and crest scarp has declined from about 19° to 13°, while that of the accumulation zone has remained relatively constant. The accompanying recession of the cliff crest has been approximately 50 m. From the pattern and dating of the various stages of colluviation, which increase both in age and in degree of fabric breakdown from crest to toe of the slope, it is clear that the cliff is degrading from the top. This is also reflected in the fact that the zone of weathered, in situ London Clay beneath the colluvium diminishes in thickness, in general, from bottom to top of the slope and is entirely absent beneath the late 19th century landslide. In an average year the potential evaporation at Hadleigh exceeds the rainfall. As a result soil moisture deficits are unusually high and appreciable pore-water tensions in the capillary zone probably exist even at times of maximum seasonal piezometric levels. Account is taken of these in the stability analyses that are carried out, which indicate that the accumulation zone has a factor of safety of around 1.05 in com­ parison with the value of unity obtaining in the currently unstable degradation zone. A comparison between the values of (pT indicated by the back analyses and those measured on the Hadleigh colluvium in ring shear shows the latter to be appreciably the lower: the discrepancy is reduced if the effects of pore-water tensions in the capillary zone are allowed for.

scholarly journals Toys between the Ludic and the Pedagogical Perspective in Late 19th Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Cătălina Mihalache
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption. The lower classes – defined by their views of childhood, material resources and well-delimited systems of gratification/rewarding – used more or less the same games and toys. Wealthier classes recorded a more diversified consumption, with urban influences, while the children of the elites became increasingly familiar with the offers of the Western world, brought directly from the source or just copied here. Another highlighted aspect is the increase in standardisation and even the industrialisation of toy production.

Nineteenth century public relations: Siam's campaign to defend national sovereignty

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-638
Author(s):  
Napawan Tantivejakul
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
International Diplomacy

PurposeThis research aims to identify the use of the public relations (PR) methods implemented by King Rama V and his administration to counter the threat to Siam of imperialism in the late 19th century. It also seeks to demonstrate the interplay of the communication strategies used in international diplomacy to enhance Siam's visibility among major European nations.Design/methodology/approachThis is a historical study using both primary and secondary sources. It is a development of the national PR history methodology using a descriptive, fact-based and event-oriented approach.FindingsThe main findings are that (1) a PR strategy drove international diplomacy under the administration of Siam's monarch incorporating strategies such as governmental press relations activities; (2) the strategy in building Siam's image as a civilized country was successfully communicated through the personality of King Rama V during his first trip to Europe; (3) with a close observation of the public and press sentiments, the outcome of the integrated PR and diplomatic campaigns was that Siam defended its sovereignty against British and French imperialists’ pressures and was therefore never colonized.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adds to the body of knowledge of global PR history by demonstrating that PR evolved before the 20th century in different countries and cultures with different historical paths and sociocultural, political and economic contexts.Originality/valueThis study from an Asian nation demonstrates that PR was being practiced in the late 19th century outside the Western context, prior to the advent of the term. It is a rare example of PR being developed as a part of an anti-colonization strategy.

Habits of Thought and Judgement: E. A. Freeman on Historical Methods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Paul
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods

Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while Freeman adopted the language of ‘historical methods’ that was becoming customary in the 1880s, he did not understand the term to refer to techniques of source criticism, as many of his contemporaries did, but to a comparative method firmly rooted in Thomas Arnold’s unity of history doctrine. Confusingly, then, Freeman’s method promoted a philosophy of history of the kind that, by the 1880s, was increasingly rejected in the name of historical method. It is not without irony, therefore, that The Methods of Historical Study was sometimes mistaken for a methodology manual like Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) and as such found wanting by historians interested in the newest techniques of source criticism.

Modern Architecture in Southeast Asia, an Introduction. Asia, North-South-West-East

2017 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Setiadi Sopandi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yamana ◽  
Johannes Widodo ◽  
Shin Muramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
South West ◽  
Asian Cities ◽  
The Future ◽  
Asian Economy

The Asian economy began to rebound in the early 2000s. Cities were, once again, expanding along with the population and industrialization. Architectural projects, after having halted for a few years, were coming back providing new opportunities for Asian practices. Sharing optimism as well as anxieties, Asian architects and scholars were looking forward to the future as well as once again taking a glimpse back at their recent architectural past, roughly from the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century. With this opportunity, they decided to take a moment to reflect on how Asian cities, landscapes, and their architectural heritage were shaped, altered, grown in the process of Asian societies embracing modernity.

Etruscan Architecture

Classics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Edlund-Berry
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
New Evidence

The study of Etruscan architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture 4.7.1–4), the proportions and layout of the so-called Tuscan temple are well known and have been much admired and studied during the Renaissance and later. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed much since the advent of large-scale excavations in the late 19th century, and since the 1950s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF BUIDINGS IN SAMARA IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY - IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. TRETIAKOV
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Rolled Steel ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Floor Slabs ◽  
Economic Considerations

The aim of research is the analysis of constructional features of buildings in Samara in the late 19th century - in the early 20th century. Some of these buildings are still in operation being at the same time monuments of history and culture. Special and common features of construction solutions of foundations, walls, floor slabs and roof structures are marked. It is proved that economic considerations such as relative deficit and high cost of building materials - rolled steel, brick, broken stones - have a great influence on buildings structures. The examples of construction solutions of some buildings - monuments of history and culture are viewed.

scholarly journals Research on the Evolution of Building Technology Based on Regional Revitalization

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wu ◽  
Hongyang Wei ◽  
Li Peng
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
New Era ◽  
Building Technology ◽  
Evolution Path ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
The Times ◽  
Contemporary Architecture ◽  
Historical Remains

With the rapid development of the times, regionalization has become one of the hotspots in the field of architecture. The aim of this paper is to deal with the regionalization of contemporary architecture from the perspective of building technology. This paper systematically and comprehensively evaluates and summarizes the development process of China's building technology, determines the key points of the evolution of building technology, and combines a large number of historical documents and historical remains to analyze the causes of the evolution of building technology, which include the natural environment, science and technology, building system and concept consciousness. Based on this, it analyses buildings in Sichuan from three aspects—building materials, structural system and construction process—and seeks for a reasonable regional development direction of building technology. Analysis results showed that greening, integration and scientific are the evolution path of building technology in the new era. Not only building technology is a necessary means of building realization, but also its influence on the regionalization of architecture should be supplemented and promoted.

scholarly journals Nine letters of patriarch German Andjelic

Napredak ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
Ivana Spasović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Times ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Serbian Academy

The Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the home of the Legacy of Patriarch German Andjelic, who headed the Karlovac Archbishopric from 1879 to 1888. A particularly important part of the collection are his letters. Out of the Patriarch's copious correspondence, nine letters were selected for their exposition of the Patriarch's views on important issues in the late 19th century. These letters describe the temptations of the times in which Patriarch German Andjelic lived but also give a portrait of his character and especially his gift for diplomacy. This paper also presents important events in his biography.

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