scholarly journals Growing Cities and Mass Participant Sport Events: Traveling Behaviors and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Triantafyllidis ◽  
Harry Davakos
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Active Sport ◽  
Participant Sport

Fast-growing cities are expected to become a key contributor to the global climate crisis. A key characteristic of those urban districts is the accommodation of mass participant sport events. Sport entities, in collaboration with city governments, plan annually active participation sport events to promote their cities as tourism destinations. Mass participant sport events aim to attract more visitors to the cities and to establish a successful social and economically sustainable future to those places. Given the fact that transportation is a critical factor of the residents and the visitors’ behavior, it is crucial to research the quantity of CO2 emissions generated to those places in association with the travel behaviors of the active sport event participants. Data collected from an annual mass participant running event in a highly ranked growing city in the United States. Findings showed that most of the active sport event participants traveled more than 150 miles to participate in the race and they used their vehicles. The largest quantity of CO2 emissions derived from those participants who traveled a round trip of, on average, 500 miles. The long-distance travelers alone generated 338 million kg of CO2 emissions. The conclusions recommend that growing cities and sport events should target long-distance travelers for promotions concerning sustainable transportation. Consequently, mass participant sport events could play a crucial role in the development of growing cities, and, in turn, growing cities that control long-distance traveling behaviors can reduce the global amount of greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the global environmental destruction.

scholarly journals The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 7373-7389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

scholarly journals Observing carbon dioxide emissions over China's cities and industrial areas with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 8501-8510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Frédéric Chevallier ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Grégoire Broquet ◽  
Yilong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In order to track progress towards the global climate targets, the parties that signed the Paris Climate Agreement will regularly report their anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions based on energy statistics and CO2 emission factors. Independent evaluation of this self-reporting system is a fast-growing research topic. Here, we study the value of satellite observations of the column CO2 concentrations to estimate CO2 anthropogenic emissions with 5 years of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) retrievals over and around China. With the detailed information of emission source locations and the local wind, we successfully observe CO2 plumes from 46 cities and industrial regions over China and quantify their CO2 emissions from the OCO-2 observations, which add up to a total of 1.3 Gt CO2 yr−1 that accounts for approximately 13 % of mainland China's annual emissions. The number of cities whose emissions are constrained by OCO-2 here is 3 to 10 times larger than in previous studies that only focused on large cities and power plants in different locations around the world. Our satellite-based emission estimates are broadly consistent with the independent values from China's detailed emission inventory MEIC but are more different from those of two widely used global gridded emission datasets (i.e., EDGAR and ODIAC), especially for the emission estimates for the individual cities. These results demonstrate some skill in the satellite-based emission quantification for isolated source clusters with the OCO-2, despite the sparse sampling of this instrument not designed for this purpose. This skill can be improved by future satellite missions that will have a denser spatial sampling of surface emitting areas, which will come soon in the early 2020s.

Managing Mass Sport Participation: Adding a Personal Performance Perspective to Remodel Antecedents and Consequences of Participant Sport Event Satisfaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Du ◽  
Jeremy S. Jordan ◽  
Daniel C. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Traditional Service ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Personal Performance ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Participant Sport

The current study was an investigation of the role of personal performance, an internal assessment of timegoal achievement, on participants’ event satisfaction that would contribute to positive outcomes. Multiattribute online surveys were distributed to participants at two distance participant sport events held in the Southeast and Northeast United States (N = 3,476 and 4,828). A multidimensional Participant Sport Event Attribute and Service Delivery (PSEASD) scale was developed to capture a spectrum of service touch points encountered during the event experience. Empirical results using covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to test and support a proposed model revealing that personal performance was a stronger positive determinant of event satisfaction than traditional service quality and perceived value. A significant negative interaction effect between service quality and personal performance was also revealed. Collectively, the model explained 41% of variance in event satisfaction, and 26% of behavioral intentions. Based on the findings, we suggest managing personal performance expectations is important to holistically manage and promote overall event satisfaction in a participant sport event setting.

The Meaning and Measurement of a Sport Event Experience Among Active Sport Tourists

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Kaplanidou ◽  
Christine Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Evaluative Research ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Active Sport

Destinations use sport events to attract participants and spectators, who then hold perceptions of both the sport event and destination. This research aimed to a) understand how active sport tourists perceive the meaning of a sport event experience and b) develop a scale for that meaning. Both aims are studied in a post trip context as evaluative research. Two focus groups were used to understand the meaning of the sport event experience among active sport tourists. Results from the focus groups suggest participants attribute meanings related to organizational, environmental, physical, social, and emotional aspects of the sport event experience. Next, semantic differential items were developed to measure the meaning of a sport event experience in the post trip phase. The items were tested with two different sport event participant samples using surveys. A uni-dimensionsal scale of 11 semantic differential items emerged. These items provide a measure for the evaluative meaning of a sport event experience.

scholarly journals The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (21) ◽  
pp. 6499-6504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Capita Emission ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Vapor Emissions

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of CO2. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

scholarly journals The Role of Public Spending in CO2 Emissions Reduction in Polish Regions: An LMDI Decomposition Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Aleksandra Wójtowicz ◽  
Jolanta Małgorzata Szołno-Koguc ◽  
Jan Braun
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Global climate change and air pollution are critical environmental problems in the modern world. Therefore, the reduction of CO2 emissions has long been a crucial challenge for individual countries. In this area, numerous technological, legal, and economic solutions are used. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of public spending on the level of CO2 emissions in Polish regions. The study uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, proposing a unique proprietary set of factors that influence the level of CO2 emissions. The results of the study confirm that public expenditure contributes to reducing CO2 emissions at the regional level, while environmental expenditure is counterproductive. This tendency is observed mainly in regions with a high level of socioeconomic development, higher energy consumption, and high carbon emissions. The failure of environmental spending to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Polish regions is explained by the “green paradox” hypothesis.

scholarly journals Observing carbon dioxide emissions over China's cities with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Frederic Chevallier ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Gregoire Broquet ◽  
Yilong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In order to track progress towards the global climate targets, the parties that signed the Paris Climate Agreement will regularly report their anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions based on energy statistics and CO2 emission factors. Independent evaluation of this self-reporting system is a fast-growing research topic. Here, we study the value of satellite observations of the column CO2 concentrations to estimate CO2 anthropogenic emissions with five years of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) retrievals over and around China. With the detailed information of emission source locations and the local wind, we successfully observe CO2 plumes from 60 cities and industrial regions over China and quantify their CO2 emissions from the OCO-2 observations, which add up to a total of 1.6 Gt CO2 yr−1 that account for 17 % of mainland China's annual emissions. The number of cities whose emissions are constrained by OCO-2 here is three to ten times larger than previous studies that only focused on large cities and power plants in different locations around the world. Our satellite-based emission estimates are broadly consistent with the independent values from the detailed China's emission inventory MEIC, but are more different from those of two widely used global gridded emission datasets (i.e., EDGAR and ODIAC), especially for the emission estimates for the individual cities. These results demonstrate some skill in the satellite-based emission quantification for isolated source clusters with the OCO-2, despite the sparse sampling of this instrument not designed for this purpose. This skill can be improved by future satellite missions that will have a denser spatial sampling of surface emitting areas, which will come soon in the early 2020s.

scholarly journals Shifts in Bird Migration Timing in North American Long-Distance and Short-Distance Migrants Are Associated with Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Zaifman ◽  
Daoyang Shan ◽  
Ahmet Ay ◽  
Ana Gabriela Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Departure Date ◽  
And Migration

Bird migration is a synchronized event that has evolved over thousands of years. Changing temperatures due to climate change threaten the intricacies of migration timing for birds; however, the extent of these changes has only recently begun to be addressed. Utilizing data from the citizen-science website eBird and historical temperature data, we analyzed bird migration timing in two states warming quickly (Alaska and Maine) and one warming gradually (South Carolina). Using linear regressions, we looked at relationships between different temperature indices and year with bird migration timing from 2010 to 2016. Bird migration through all three states, regardless of warming rate, showed similar rates of alterations. Additionally, in every state over half of the birds that had altered migration timing were long-distance migrants. Furthermore, we performed feature selection to determine important factors for changing migration timing of birds. Changes to summer resident and transient bird migration were most influenced by state. In winter resident migration, departure date and length of stay were most influenced by maximum temperature, while arrival date was most associated with minimum temperature. Relationships between changing temperatures and migration timing suggest that global climate change may have consequential effects on all bird migration patterns throughout the United States.

Recurring Sport Events and Destination Image Perceptions: Impact on Active Sport Tourist Behavioral Intentions and Place Attachment

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Kaplanidou ◽  
Jeremy S. Jordan ◽  
Daniel Funk ◽  
Lynn L. Ridinger
Keyword(s):  
Place Attachment ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Destination Loyalty ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Active Sport

Hosting recurring sport events can be a solution for sustainable tourism development resulting in destination loyalty and higher place attachment levels. This study proposes active event sport tourists may include in their destination perceptions a number of destination and event attributes, given the direct association of the event with the place. The feasibility of the convergence of event and destination image attributes in one scale was explored and that scale’s influence on place attachment and on specific active sport tourists’ behaviors was examined. Data were collected from sport event tourist participants (n= 2,015) at a recurring marathon event via an online survey. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure of destination image to include event characteristics. Regression analysis was used to test the impact of destination image factors on behavioral intentions and place attachment and supported the predictive validity of destination image factors. Implications for event and destination marketers are discussed.

Exploring Partnerships in Sport Event Delivery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Zhou ◽  
Walker J. Ross ◽  
Haozhou Pu ◽  
Changwook Kim ◽  
Jeeyoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Partnership Model ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Depth Interviews

In order to provide high-quality sport events and cultivate economic, social, and environmental benefits in the local community, regional sport commissions in the United States form partnerships with organizations across sectors. Building on Parent and Harvey’s (2009) partnership framework, this study seeks to reveal the components and processes of the collaboration between sport commissions and their partners in the delivery of sport events and subsequent outcomes. Using purposive and convenient sampling, data were collected from 12 in-depth interviews with leaders in sport commissions and partnering organizations based on their accessibility and familiarity with the research topic. The study identifies five main areas and multiple subcomponents of event-based partnerships, providing empirical evidence for Parent and Harvey’s (2009) partnership model. The findings advance this model by specifying the outcomes, challenges, and positive conditions for event-based partnerships and showing interactions between partnership components. More importantly, the findings contribute to a greater understanding of the partnership complexities and dynamics in the sport event-specific context and provide practical insights for sport commissions and other sport event organizers to strategically manage and maintain sport event-based partnerships.

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