scholarly journals Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Nayden Naydenov ◽  
Susana Lechuga ◽  
Emina Huang ◽  
Andrei Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tissue Invasion ◽  
Myosin Motors ◽  
And Control

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Clinicians are largely faced with advanced and metastatic disease for which few interventions are available. One poorly understood aspect of CRC involves altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton, especially at the metastatic stage of the disease. Myosin motors are crucial regulators of actin cytoskeletal architecture and remodeling. They act as mechanosensors of the tumor environments and control key cellular processes linked to oncogenesis, including cell division, extracellular matrix adhesion and tissue invasion. Different myosins play either oncogenic or tumor suppressor roles in breast, lung and prostate cancer; however, little is known about their functions in CRC. This review focuses on the functional roles of myosins in colon cancer development. We discuss the most studied class of myosins, class II (conventional) myosins, as well as several classes (I, V, VI, X and XVIII) of unconventional myosins that have been linked to CRC development. Altered expression and mutations of these motors in clinical tumor samples and their roles in CRC growth and metastasis are described. We also evaluate the potential of using small molecular modulators of myosin activity to develop novel anticancer therapies.

scholarly journals Precancerous Lesions in Colorectal Cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayez Sandouk ◽  
Feras Al Jerf ◽  
M. H. D. Bassel Al-Halabi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The West ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the world. The incidence rate (ASR) and age distribution of this disease differ between most of African-Middle-Eastern (AMAGE) and North America and Europe for many reasons. However, in all areas, “CRC” is considered as one of the most preventable cancers, because it might develop from variant processes like polyps and IBD in addition to the genetic pathogenesis which became very well known in this disease. We tried in this paper to review all the possible reasons of the differences in incidence and age between the west and AMAGE. Also we reviewed all the mutations that lead to the hereditary and familiar clustering of this disease with the correlations with the surrounding food and environment of different areas. Then, we focused on the precancerous pathology of this disease with special focusing on early detection depending on new endoscopy technology and most important genetic studies. We lastly reviewed the evidence of some of the surveillance and put suggestions about future surveillance programs and how important those programs are on the psychological aspect of the patients and their families.

scholarly journals Developments in Screening Tests and Strategies for Colorectal Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin L. Sovich ◽  
Zachary Sartor ◽  
Subhasis Misra
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
The Third ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background.Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second most common in women. It is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. In the United States, CRC is the third most common cause of cancer and second most common cause of cancer mortality. Incidence and mortality rates have steadily fallen, primarily due to widespread screening.Methods.We conducted keyword searches on PubMed in four categories of CRC screening: stool, endoscopic, radiologic, and serum, as well as news searches in Medscape and Google News.Results.Colonoscopy is the gold standard for CRC screening and the most common method in the United States. Technological improvements continue to be made, including the promising “third-eye retroscope.” Fecal occult blood remains widely used, particularly outside the United States. The first at-home screen, a fecal DNA screen, has also recently been approved. Radiological methods are effective but seldom used due to cost and other factors. Serum tests are largely experimental, although at least one is moving closer to market.Conclusions.Colonoscopy is likely to remain the most popular screening modality for the immediate future, although its shortcomings will continue to spur innovation in a variety of modalities.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression Induced by Butyrate in Colorectal Cancer: Involvement of MicroRNA

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1179237X1772990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Bishop ◽  
Huawen Xu ◽  
Gareth Marlow
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer mortality globally. Development of CRC is closely associated with lifestyle, and diet may modulate risk. A Western-style diet is characterised by a high intake of red meat but low consumption of fruit, vegetables, and whole cereals. Such a diet is associated with CRC risks. It has been demonstrated that butyrate, produced by the fermentation of dietary plant fibre, can alter both genetic and epigenetic expressions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are commonly present in both normal and tumour cells. Aberrant miRNA expression is associated with CRC initiation, progression, and metastasis. In addition, butyrate can modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and miRNA expression in CRC. In this review, the effects of butyrate on modulating miRNA expression in CRC will be discussed. Furthermore, evidence on the effect of butyrate on CRC risk through reducing oncogenic miRNA expression will be presented.

scholarly journals FADD in Cancer: Mechanisms of Altered Expression and Function, and Clinical Implications

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L Marín-Rubio ◽  
Laura Vela-Martín ◽  
José Fernández-Piqueras ◽  
María Villa-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Death Receptor ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

FADD was initially described as an adaptor molecule for death receptor-mediated apoptosis, but subsequently it has been implicated in nonapoptotic cellular processes such as proliferation and cell cycle control. During the last decade, FADD has been shown to play a pivotal role in most of the signalosome complexes, such as the necroptosome and the inflammasome. Interestingly, various mechanisms involved in regulating FADD functions have been identified, essentially posttranslational modifications and secretion. All these aspects have been thoroughly addressed in previous reviews. However, FADD implication in cancer is complex, due to pleiotropic effects. It has been reported either as anti- or protumorigenic, depending on the cell type. Regulation of FADD expression in cancer is a complex issue since both overexpression and downregulation have been reported, but the mechanisms underlying such alterations have not been fully unveiled. Posttranslational modifications also constitute a relevant mechanism controlling FADD levels and functions in tumor cells. In this review, we aim to provide detailed, updated information on alterations leading to changes in FADD expression and function in cancer. The participation of FADD in various biological processes is recapitulated, with a mention of interesting novel functions recently proposed for FADD, such as regulation of gene expression and control of metabolic pathways. Finally, we gather all the available evidence regarding the clinical implications of FADD alterations in cancer, especially as it has been proposed as a potential biomarker with prognostic value.

scholarly journals Human allergy to cats: A review for veterinarians on prevalence, causes, symptoms and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110367
Author(s):  
Andrew H Sparkes
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cat Allergy ◽  
Respiratory Allergies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Human Healthcare

Practical relevance: Human allergy to cats affects a substantial and growing proportion of the global population, and cat allergy is regarded as the third most common cause of human respiratory allergies, and the second most common indoor cause. Veterinarians will frequently encounter owners who are cat-allergic, and having an understanding of this disease and the methods available to help control the allergy will assist them in giving appropriate advice, alongside human healthcare professionals. Aim: The aim of this review is to summarise currently available data on the prevalence, causes, symptoms and control of human allergy to cats. In terms of managing cat allergy, the emphasis is on reviewing current and emerging modalities to reduce environmental exposure to cat allergens rather than on pharmacotherapy or immunotherapy, as it is in these areas in particular that the veterinarian may be able to offer help and advice to complement that of human healthcare professionals. Evidence base: The information in this review is drawn from the current and historical literature on human allergy to cats, and approaches to reduce exposure to cat allergens and manage symptoms of cat allergy.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of rs2910164 Polymorphism and its Association with TNF-α Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer: Before and After the Age of 50

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hamta ◽  
Niloofar Tolooi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Factor Α

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, which has been diagnosed as the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of death. This cancer before the age of 50 is uncommon, and its prognosis is controversial, with many studies reporting a worse prognosis than in older patients and others showing no difference. In addition to factors, including diet, environmental factors, somatic and hereditary mutations, genetic factors, including altered expression of some microRNAs and mutations in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene, may be involved in this cancer. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the rs2910164 polymorphism from the miRNA146a gene and its association with the expression of TNF-α gene in CRC before and after the age of 50 for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: In this study, 65 samples of cancerous lesions (37 cases over 50 years were considered the case group and 28 cases under 50 years were considered the control group) was collected from in an Iranian population. DNA was extracted from the samples, and rs2910164 polymorphism of the miRNA146a gene was investigated by PCR. Moreover, RNA was extracted from the samples, and the expression of the miRNA146a and TNF-α genes were evaluated. Finally, for data analysis, Epi Info software version 7.1.3.10 and MedCalc Version 19.2.0 were used. Results: The frequency of GG, GC, and CC genotypes from rs2910164 polymorphism of miRNA146a gene in the control group was 0.29, 0.46, and 0.25, respectively, but in the case group it was 0.54, 0.38, and 0.08, respectively. The results also showed that the expression of miRNA146a (P = 0.00006) and TNF-α (P = 0.009) genes was higher in the case group than the control group. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, a significant correlation was found between GG genotype and rs2910164 polymorphism of miRNA146a gene and TNF-α gene expression in the CRC samples. Therefore, investigation of these factors may be helpful in patients over 50 years with CRC.

Genitourinary Cancer

2016 ◽  
pp. 677-682
Author(s):  
Brian A. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
North America ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
Genitourinary Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Colorectal cancer is diagnosed in approximately 137,000 Americans annually and causes 50,000 deaths each year. It is the third most common cause of cancer death in North America and Europe. The incidence of colorectal cancer has decreased since the early 2000s, after it peaked in the late 1990s. The decrease in colon cancer incidence and mortality is attributed to improved screening methods, consisting mainly of endoscopic surveillance. Screening colonoscopies should be initiated by age 50 years for persons with average risk.

scholarly journals GENERAL ASPECTS OF COLON CANCER SURGERIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiberio Dias Pacheco Annicchino Baptistella
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Tumor Types

Colorectal cancer (CCR) is the third most common tumor in men and the second most common tumor in women, accounting for 10% of all tumor types worldwide. With an estimated 608,000 deaths each year, CCR is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of colon cancer depend largely on the location of the tumor. There are some treatment options such as systemic chemotherapy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, but they are not as effective. Surgical treatment can occur in different ways, three possible forms of surgery are presented here, as well as their associated risks. New options emerge as alternatives to improve the prognosis of the disease.

Increased serum MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels in colorectal cancer development

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Hritz ◽  
Z Varga ◽  
M Juhász ◽  
P Miheller ◽  
Z Tulassay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Development
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