Genitourinary Cancer

2016 ◽  
pp. 677-682
Author(s):  
Brian A. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
North America ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
Genitourinary Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Colorectal cancer is diagnosed in approximately 137,000 Americans annually and causes 50,000 deaths each year. It is the third most common cause of cancer death in North America and Europe. The incidence of colorectal cancer has decreased since the early 2000s, after it peaked in the late 1990s. The decrease in colon cancer incidence and mortality is attributed to improved screening methods, consisting mainly of endoscopic surveillance. Screening colonoscopies should be initiated by age 50 years for persons with average risk.

scholarly journals A VIEW ON THE PROBLEM OF INADEQUATE SCREENING OF COLORECTAL CANCER IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Nelya Melnitchouk ◽  
Galyna Shabat
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
National Organizations

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing worldwide and it is the second most common cause of cancer death. There is a lot of investigations and improvement to rise quality of early diagnosis, successful treatment and effective preventions of colorectal cancer. Nowadays available few guidelines of international and national organizations what support effectiveness of screening programs. Colorectal cancer screening is effective way to decrease incidence and mortality with strong evidence confirmed by a lot of investigations of different scientific groups. Currently, Ukraine doesn’t have an established colorectal cancer program, what need to be changed as soon as possible. A lot of patients in Ukraine wait at home till the beginning of clinical symptoms, what often is the representation of later stage of diseases; and of course treatment of patients with later stage of diseases need more costs for treatment and show worst results of morbidity and mortality rate compare with patients treated at the early stage of diseases. We created a simulation Markov model and demonstrated that the implementation of the national screening program for colorectal cancer in Ukraine will be cost saving and will decrease the mortality from colorectal cancer significantly.

scholarly journals Developments in Screening Tests and Strategies for Colorectal Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin L. Sovich ◽  
Zachary Sartor ◽  
Subhasis Misra
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
The Third ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background.Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second most common in women. It is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. In the United States, CRC is the third most common cause of cancer and second most common cause of cancer mortality. Incidence and mortality rates have steadily fallen, primarily due to widespread screening.Methods.We conducted keyword searches on PubMed in four categories of CRC screening: stool, endoscopic, radiologic, and serum, as well as news searches in Medscape and Google News.Results.Colonoscopy is the gold standard for CRC screening and the most common method in the United States. Technological improvements continue to be made, including the promising “third-eye retroscope.” Fecal occult blood remains widely used, particularly outside the United States. The first at-home screen, a fecal DNA screen, has also recently been approved. Radiological methods are effective but seldom used due to cost and other factors. Serum tests are largely experimental, although at least one is moving closer to market.Conclusions.Colonoscopy is likely to remain the most popular screening modality for the immediate future, although its shortcomings will continue to spur innovation in a variety of modalities.

scholarly journals Screening for Colorectal Cancer Leading into a New Decade: The “Roaring ‘20s” for Epigenetic Biomarkers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 4874-4893
Author(s):  
Hélder Almeida-Lousada ◽  
André Mestre ◽  
Sara Ramalhete ◽  
Aryeh J. Price ◽  
Ramon Andrade de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an important bearing (top five) on cancer incidence and mortality in the world. The etiology of sporadic CRC is related to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that result in the appearance of cancer hallmarks such as abnormal proliferation, evasion of immune destruction, resistance to apoptosis, replicative immortality, and others, contributing to cancer promotion, invasion, and metastasis. It is estimated that, each year, at least four million people are diagnosed with CRC in the world. Depending on CRC staging at diagnosis, many of these patients die, as CRC is in the top four causes of cancer death in the world. New and improved screening tests for CRC are needed to detect the disease at an early stage and adopt patient management strategies to decrease the death toll. The three pillars of CRC screening are endoscopy, radiological imaging, and molecular assays. Endoscopic procedures comprise traditional colonoscopy, and more recently, capsule-based endoscopy. The main imaging modality remains Computed Tomography (CT) of the colon. Molecular approaches continue to grow in the diversity of biomarkers and the sophistication of the technologies deployed to detect them. What started with simple fecal occult blood tests has expanded to an armamentarium, including mutation detection and identification of aberrant epigenetic signatures known to be oncogenic. Biomarker-based screening methods have critical advantages and are likely to eclipse the classical modalities of imaging and endoscopy in the future. For example, imaging methods are costly and require highly specialized medical personnel. In the case of endoscopy, their invasiveness limits compliance from large swaths of the population, especially those with average CRC risk. Beyond mere discomfort and fear, there are legitimate iatrogenic concerns associated with endoscopy. The risks of perforation and infection make endoscopy best suited for a confirmatory role in cases where there are positive results from other diagnostic tests. Biomarker-based screening methods are largely non-invasive and are growing in scope. Epigenetic biomarkers, in particular, can be detected in feces and blood, are less invasive to the average-risk patient, detect early-stage CRC, and have a demonstrably superior patient follow-up. Given the heterogeneity of CRC as it evolves, optimal screening may require a battery of blood and stool tests, where each can leverage different pathways perturbed during carcinogenesis. What follows is a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature pertaining to the screening and diagnostic protocols used in CRC. Relevant articles were retrieved from the PubMed database using keywords including: “Screening”, “Diagnosis”, and “Biomarkers for CRC”. American and European clinical trials in progress were included as well

scholarly journals GENERAL ASPECTS OF COLON CANCER SURGERIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiberio Dias Pacheco Annicchino Baptistella
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Tumor Types

Colorectal cancer (CCR) is the third most common tumor in men and the second most common tumor in women, accounting for 10% of all tumor types worldwide. With an estimated 608,000 deaths each year, CCR is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of colon cancer depend largely on the location of the tumor. There are some treatment options such as systemic chemotherapy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, but they are not as effective. Surgical treatment can occur in different ways, three possible forms of surgery are presented here, as well as their associated risks. New options emerge as alternatives to improve the prognosis of the disease.

scholarly journals The CRCbiome study: a large prospective cohort study examining the role of lifestyle and the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer screening participants

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ane Sørlie Kværner ◽  
Einar Birkeland ◽  
Cecilie Bucher-Johannessen ◽  
Elina Vinberg ◽  
Jan Inge Nordby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces CRC incidence and mortality. However, current screening methods are either hampered by invasiveness or suboptimal performance, limiting their effectiveness as primary screening methods. To aid in the development of a non-invasive screening test with improved sensitivity and specificity, we have initiated a prospective biomarker study (CRCbiome), nested within a large randomized CRC screening trial in Norway. We aim to develop a microbiome-based classification algorithm to identify advanced colorectal lesions in screening participants testing positive for an immunochemical fecal occult blood test (FIT). We will also examine interactions with host factors, diet, lifestyle and prescription drugs. The prospective nature of the study also enables the analysis of changes in the gut microbiome following the removal of precancerous lesions. Methods The CRCbiome study recruits participants enrolled in the Bowel Cancer Screening in Norway (BCSN) study, a randomized trial initiated in 2012 comparing once-only sigmoidoscopy to repeated biennial FIT, where women and men aged 50–74 years at study entry are invited to participate. Since 2017, participants randomized to FIT screening with a positive test result have been invited to join the CRCbiome study. Self-reported diet, lifestyle and demographic data are collected prior to colonoscopy after the positive FIT-test (baseline). Screening data, including colonoscopy findings are obtained from the BCSN database. Fecal samples for gut microbiome analyses are collected both before and 2 and 12 months after colonoscopy. Samples are analyzed using metagenome sequencing, with taxonomy profiles, and gene and pathway content as primary measures. CRCbiome data will also be linked to national registries to obtain information on prescription histories and cancer relevant outcomes occurring during the 10 year follow-up period. Discussion The CRCbiome study will increase our understanding of how the gut microbiome, in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors, influences the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. This knowledge will be crucial to develop microbiome-based screening tools for CRC. By evaluating biomarker performance in a screening setting, using samples from the target population, the generalizability of the findings to future screening cohorts is likely to be high. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01538550.

scholarly journals A Complicated Colorectal Cancer Recurrence

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Anna Marija Lescinska ◽  
Valerija Grakova ◽  
Aleksandrs Malasonoks ◽  
Armands Sivins
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
One Step ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Recurrence

SummaryThe case report demonstrates painstaking, one step at a time multitherapy for the third most common cancer and the third cause of cancer death in western countries – colorectal cancer. Multitherapeutic approach at specialized centers for the treatment of colorectal cancer is the cornerstone for reaching favorable treatment results and prognosis.

scholarly journals Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Colon

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tagore Sunkara ◽  
Megan E Caughey ◽  
Priyanka Makkar ◽  
Febin John ◽  
Vinaya Gaduputi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Adenosquamous Carcinoma ◽  
Colorectal Cancers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Colon ◽  
The Third

Overall, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women, meaning that it is one of the more widely recognized preventable cancers. Instances of colorectal malignancies though are overwhelmingly attributable to adenocarcinoma. Colorectal cancers with components of squamous cell carcinoma represent a statistical anomaly. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old male, who complained of abdominal pain and weight loss over a 3-month period of time. Biopsies from a colonoscopy ultimately revealed that this patient’s colon cancer consisted of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, representing a truly exceptional pathology finding in a patient diagnosed with a colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Recent advances in clinical practice: colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population

Gut ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2244-2255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Chapelle ◽  
Myriam Martel ◽  
Esther Toes-Zoutendijk ◽  
Alan N Barkun ◽  
Marc Bardou
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Normal Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in Western countries. Its development is a multistep process that spans more than 15 years, thereby providing an opportunity for prevention and early detection. The high incidence and mortality rates emphasise the need for prevention and screening. Many countries have therefore introduced CRC screening programmes. It is expected, and preliminary evidence in some countries suggests, that this screening effort will decrease CRC-related mortality rates. CRC prevention involves a healthy lifestyle and chemoprevention—more specifically, oral chemoprevention that can interfere with progression from a normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. This preventive effect is important for individuals with a genetic predisposition, but also in the general population. The ideal chemopreventive agent, or combination of agents, remains unknown, especially when considering safety during long-term use. This review evaluates the evidence across 80 meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies of CRC prevention using medications, vitamins, supplements and dietary factors. This review suggests that the following factors are associated with a decreased incidence of CRC: aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, magnesium, folate, a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, fibre and dairy products. An increased incidence of CRC was observed with frequent alcohol or meat consumption. No evidence of a protective effect for tea, coffee, garlic, fish and soy products was found. The level of evidence is moderate for aspirin, β-carotene and selenium, but is low or very low for all other exposures or interventions.

scholarly journals Primary and Secondary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. CGast.S14039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Tárraga López ◽  
Juan Solera Albero ◽  
José Antonio Rodríguez-Montes
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽  
The Third ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

Introduction Cancer is a worldwide problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer in men, after lung and prostate cancer, and is the second most frequent cancer in women after breast cancer. It is also the third cause of death in men and women separately, and is the second most frequent cause of death by cancer if both genders are considered together. CRC represents approximately 10% of deaths by cancer. Modifiable risk factors of CRC include smoking, physical inactivity, being overweight and obesity, eating processed meat, and drinking alcohol excessively. CRC screening programs are possible only in economically developed countries. However, attention should be paid in the future to geographical areas with ageing populations and a western lifestyle. 19 , 20 Sigmoidoscopy screening done with people aged 55-64 years has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of CRC by 33% and mortality by CRC by 43%. Objective To assess the effect on the incidence and mortality of CRC diet and lifestyle and to determine the effect of secondary prevention through early diagnosis of CRC. Methodology A comprehensive search of Medline and Pubmed articles related to primary and secondary prevention of CRC and subsequently, a meta-analysis of the same blocks are performed. Results 225 articles related to primary or secondary prevention of CRC were retrieved. Of these 145 were considered valid on meta-analysis: 12 on epidemiology, 56 on diet and lifestyle, and over 77 different screenings for early detection of CRC. Cancer is a worldwide problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. There is no doubt whatsoever which environmental factors, probably diet, may account for these cancer rates. Excessive alcohol consumption and cholesterol-rich diet are associated with a high risk of colon cancer. A diet poor in folic acid and vitamin B6 is also associated with a higher risk of developing colon cancer with an overexpression of p53. Eating pulses at least three times a week lowers the risk of developing colon cancer by 33%, after eating less meat, while eating brown rice at least once a week cuts the risk of CRC by 40%. These associations suggest a dose–response effect. Frequently eating cooked green vegetables, nuts, dried fruit, pulses, and brown rice has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal polyps. High calcium intake offers a protector effect against distal colon and rectal tumors as compared with the proximal colon. Higher intake of dairy products and calcium reduces the risk of colon cancer. Taking an aspirin (ASA) regularly after being diagnosed with colon cancer is associated with less risk of dying from this cancer, especially among people who have tumors with COX-2 overexpression. 16 Nonetheless, these data do not contradict the data obtained on a possible genetic predisposition, even in sporadic or non-hereditary CRC. CRC is susceptible to screening because it is a serious health problem given its high incidence and its associated high morbidity/mortality. Conclusions (1) Cancer is a worldwide problem. (2) A modification of diet and lifestyle could reduce morbidity and mortality. (3) Early detection through screening improves prognosis and reduces mortality.

scholarly journals Healthy lifestyle, endoscopic screening, and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in the United States: A nationwide cohort study

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e1003522
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Wenjie Ma ◽  
Kana Wu ◽  
Shuji Ogino ◽  
Andrew T. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Endoscopic Screening ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background Healthy lifestyle and screening represent 2 major approaches to colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. It remains unknown whether the CRC-preventive benefit of healthy lifestyle differs by endoscopic screening status, and how the combination of healthy lifestyle with endoscopic screening can improve CRC prevention. Methods and findings We assessed lifestyle and endoscopic screening biennially among 75,873 women (Nurses’ Health Study, 1988 to 2014) and 42,875 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1988 to 2014). We defined a healthy lifestyle score based on body mass index, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and population-attributable risks (PARs) for CRC incidence and mortality in relation to healthy lifestyle score according to endoscopic screening. Participants’ mean age (standard deviation) at baseline was 54 (8) years. During a median of 26 years (2,827,088 person-years) follow-up, we documented 2,836 incident CRC cases and 1,013 CRC deaths. We found a similar association between healthy lifestyle score and lower CRC incidence among individuals with and without endoscopic screening, with the multivariable HR per one-unit increment of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.88), respectively (P-interaction = 0.99). The fraction of CRC cases that might be prevented (PAR) by endoscopic screening alone was 32% (95% CI, 31% to 33%) and increased to 61% (95% CI, 42% to 75%) when combined with healthy lifestyle (score = 5). The corresponding PAR (95% CI) increased from 15% (13% to 16%) to 51% (17% to 74%) for proximal colon cancer and from 47% (45% to 50%) to 75% (61% to 84%) for distal CRC. Results were similar for CRC mortality. A limitation of our study is that our study participants are all health professionals and predominantly whites, which may not be representative of the general population. Conclusions Our study suggests that healthy lifestyle is associated with lower CRC incidence and mortality independent of endoscopic screening. An integration of healthy lifestyle with endoscopic screening may substantially enhance prevention for CRC, particularly for proximal colon cancer, compared to endoscopic screening alone.

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