scholarly journals The Metabolic Role of GRK2 in Insulin Resistance and Associated Conditions

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Daniela Sorriento ◽  
Maria Rosaria Rusciano ◽  
Valeria Visco ◽  
Antonella Fiordelisi ◽  
Federica Andrea Cerasuolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Pathophysiological Condition ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Insulin resistance (IRES) is a pathophysiological condition characterized by the reduced response to insulin of several tissues, including myocardial and skeletal muscle. IRES is associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, evolves toward type 2 diabetes, and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Several studies designed to explore the mechanisms involved in IRES allowed the identification of a multitude of potential molecular targets. Among the most promising, G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase type 2 (GRK2) appears to be a suitable one given its functional implications in many cellular processes. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic role of GRK2 in those conditions that are characterized by insulin resistance (diabetes, hypertension, heart failure), and the potentiality of its inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to revert both insulin resistance and its associated phenotypes.

1758-P: Type 2 Diabetes–Associated Mood Disorders: Role of Insulin Resistance in Serotonergic Neurons

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1758-P
Author(s):  
HUGO MARTIN ◽  
SÉBASTIEN BULLICH ◽  
FABIEN DUCROCQ ◽  
MARION GRALAND ◽  
CLARA OLIVRY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
P Type

scholarly journals Magnesium, Little Known But Possibly Relevant: A Link between NASH and Related Comorbidities

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Jorge Simón ◽  
Teresa Cardoso Delgado ◽  
Luis Alfonso Martinez-Cruz ◽  
Maria Luz Martínez-Chantar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Fibrotic Response ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Global Health Problem

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation accompanied by a necro-inflammatory process and a fibrotic response. It comprises from 10% to 30% of cases of patients with non-alcoholic liver disease, which is a global health problem affecting around a quarter of the worldwide population. Nevertheless, the development of NASH is often surrounded by a pathological context with other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary imbalances are increasingly recognized as the root cause of these NASH-related comorbidities. In this context, a growing concern exists about whether magnesium consumption in the general population is sufficient. Hypomagnesemia is a hallmark of the aforementioned NASH comorbidities, and deficiencies in magnesium are also widely related to the triggering of complications that aggravate NASH or derived pathologies. Moreover, the supplementation of this cation has proved to reduce mortality from hepatic complications. In the present review, the role of magnesium in NASH and related comorbidities has been characterized, unraveling the relevance of maintaining the homeostasis of this cation for the correct functioning of the organism.

scholarly journals Isoform- and Paralog-Switching in IR-Signaling: When Diabetes Opens the Gates to Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Scalia ◽  
Antonio Giordano ◽  
Caroline Martini ◽  
Stephen J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Exon 11

Insulin receptor (IR) and IR-related signaling defects have been shown to trigger insulin-resistance in insulin-dependent cells and ultimately to give rise to type 2 diabetes in mammalian organisms. IR expression is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues, and its over-expression is also a common finding in cancerous cells. This latter finding has been shown to associate with both a relative and absolute increase in IR isoform-A (IR-A) expression, missing 12 aa in its EC subunit corresponding to exon 11. Since IR-A is a high-affinity transducer of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II (IGF-II) signals, a growth factor is often secreted by cancer cells; such event offers a direct molecular link between IR-A/IR-B increased ratio in insulin resistance states (obesity and type 2 diabetes) and the malignant advantage provided by IGF-II to solid tumors. Nonetheless, recent findings on the biological role of isoforms for cellular signaling components suggest that the preferential expression of IR isoform-A may be part of a wider contextual isoform-expression switch in downstream regulatory factors, potentially enhancing IR-dependent oncogenic effects. The present review focuses on the role of isoform- and paralog-dependent variability in the IR and downstream cellular components playing a potential role in the modulation of the IR-A signaling related to the changes induced by insulin-resistance-linked conditions as well as to their relationship with the benign versus malignant transition in underlying solid tumors.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: a clinical perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine S. Tam ◽  
Leanne M. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractObesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased immune cells, specifically infiltrated macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn secrete a range of proinflammatory mediators. This nonselective low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is systemic in nature and can impair insulin signaling pathways, thus, increasing the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an update on clinical studies examining the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-associated complications in humans. We will discuss adipose tissue inflammation during different scenarios of energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction including obesity and overfeeding, weight loss by calorie restriction or bariatric surgery, and conditions of insulin resistance (diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome).

The role of vitamin D in the development of type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
A.P. Shumilov ◽  
◽  
M.Yu. Semchenkova ◽  
D.S. Mikhalik ◽  
T.G. Avdeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Vitamin D plays an important role in decreasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by influencing calcium metabolism, thereby reducing β-cell dysfunction and preventing insulin resistance. The findings of research works are contradictory enough, although some of them demonstrated an inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The article describes the biological mechanisms of relationships between vitamin D levels and type 2 diabetes, reviews the results of the studies conducted and summarizes the available data. Key words: vitamin D, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance

scholarly journals Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - The Role of Magnesium

2017 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soetkin Milbouw ◽  
Julie Verhaegen ◽  
An Verrijken ◽  
Benedicte Y De Winter ◽  
Luc F Van Gaal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nutritional Genomics and Dietetic Professional Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milly Ryan-Harshman ◽  
Ellen Vogel ◽  
Holly Jones-Taggart ◽  
Julia Green-Johnson ◽  
David Castle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Ethics Policy ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Genomics

Nutrigenomics is concerned with the role of nutrients in gene expression, and nutrigenetics is the study of how genetic variants or polymorphisms (mutations) can affect responses to nutrients; nutritional genomics is the umbrella term. Nutritional genomics can be expected to revolutionize the way dietitians and other health professionals identify people with chronic diseases and treat those diseases. Understanding the science of nutritional genomics is important to dietitians and other health professionals because major scientific advancements such as this usually have a significant impact on ethics, policy, and practice. Blood lipid profiles are one area in which nutritional genomics has quickly advanced knowledge. New knowledge is available on blood lipid profiles and associated conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. New technology has also had an impact on policy and practice issues, and ethics is an important issue to consider.

scholarly journals The Role of Prokineticin 2 in Oxidative Stress and in Neuropathological Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Lattanzi ◽  
Cinzia Severini ◽  
Daniela Maftei ◽  
Luciano Saso ◽  
Aldo Badiani
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Prokineticin 2 ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Double Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
G Protein Coupled

The prokineticin (PK) family, prokineticin 1 and Bv8/prokineticin 2 (PROK2), initially discovered as regulators of gastrointestinal motility, interacts with two G protein-coupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, regulating important biological functions such as circadian rhythms, metabolism, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, muscle contractility, hematopoiesis, immune response, reproduction and pain perception. PROK2 and PK receptors, in particular PKR2, are widespread distributed in the central nervous system, in both neurons and glial cells. The PROK2 expression levels can be increased by a series of pathological insults, such as hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, beta amyloid and excitotoxic glutamate. This suggests that the PK system, participating in different cellular processes that cause neuronal death, can be a key mediator in neurological/neurodegenerative diseases. While many PROK2/PKRs effects in physiological processes have been documented, their role in neuropathological conditions is not fully clarified, since PROK2 can have a double function in the mechanisms underlying to neurodegeneration or neuroprotection. Here, we briefly outline the latest findings on the modulation of PROK2 and its cognate receptors following different pathological insults, providing information about their opposite neurotoxic and neuroprotective role in different pathological conditions.

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