scholarly journals Lithium Chloride Protects against Sepsis-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Cancer Cachexia

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Ji-Hyung Lee ◽  
Seon-Wook Kim ◽  
Jun-Hyeong Kim ◽  
Hyun-Jun Kim ◽  
JungIn Um ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Chloride Treatment

Inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting occurs in patients with sepsis and cancer cachexia. Both conditions severely affect patient morbidity and mortality. Lithium chloride has previously been shown to enhance myogenesis and prevent certain forms of muscular dystrophy. However, to our knowledge, the effect of lithium chloride treatment on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of lithium chloride using in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia and sepsis. Lithium chloride prevented wasting in myotubes cultured with cancer cell-conditioned media, maintained the expression of the muscle fiber contractile protein, myosin heavy chain 2, and inhibited the upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Atrogin-1. In addition, it inhibited the upregulation of inflammation-associated cytokines in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. In the animal model of sepsis, lithium chloride treatment improved body weight, increased muscle mass, preserved the survival of larger fibers, and decreased the expression of muscle-wasting effector genes. In a model of cancer cachexia, lithium chloride increased muscle mass, enhanced muscle strength, and increased fiber cross-sectional area, with no significant effect on tumor mass. These results indicate that lithium chloride exerts therapeutic effects on inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting, such as sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia.

scholarly journals Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitor Lithium Chloride Protects Against Inflammation-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Wasting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hyung Lee ◽  
Seon-Wook Kim ◽  
Jun-Hyeong Kim ◽  
Hyung-Jun Kim ◽  
JungIn Um ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Β ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting

Abstract Inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting is induced by inflammatory cytokines. It occurs in critically ill patients with sepsis (termed intensive care unit acquired weakness) and patients with advanced metastasis (termed cancer cachexia). Both conditions severely impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Lithium chloride has been investigated as a drug repurposing candidate for numerous diseases. In this study, we assessed whether lithium chloride affects inflammation-mediated muscle wasting, using in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia and sepsis. Lithium chloride prevented wasting in myotubes cultured with cancer cell conditioned media, maintained expression of the muscle fiber contractile protein, myosin heavy chain 2 and blocked upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Atrogin-1. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition was indicated as the target mechanism, due to the following observations: 1) β-catenin was upregulated in the myotubes and 2) inhibition of IMPA1, the secondary biological target of lithium chloride, did not inhibit the effects of cancer conditioned media. Lithium chloride inhibited upregulation of the inflammation-associated cytokines Il-1β, Il-6 and inos in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. Lithium chloride treatment in an animal model of sepsis improved body weight, increased muscle mass, preserved the survival of larger fibers and decreased expression of the wasting effector genes, Atrogin-1 and Murf-1. In a model of cancer cachexia, lithium chloride increased muscle mass, enhanced muscle strength and increased fiber cross sectional area, with no significant effect on tumorigenesis. These results indicate that lithium chloride could be repurposed as a drug to treat patients with inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease: the emerging role of microRNAs

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1469-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A Robinson ◽  
Luke A Baker ◽  
Matthew P M Graham-Brown ◽  
Emma L Watson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
And Function

Abstract Skeletal muscle wasting is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by the loss of muscle mass, strength and function, which significantly increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in this population. Numerous complications associated with declining renal function and lifestyle activate catabolic pathways and impair muscle regeneration, resulting in substantial protein wasting. Evidence suggests that increasing skeletal muscle mass improves outcomes in CKD, making this a clinically important research focus. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle wasting is not completely understood. It is widely recognized that microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of short non-coding RNAs, are pivotal in the regulation of skeletal muscle homoeostasis, with significant roles in regulating muscle growth, regeneration and metabolism. The abnormal expression of miRNAs in skeletal muscle during disease has been well described in cellular and animal models of muscle atrophy, and in recent years, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of muscle atrophy in CKD has been demonstrated. As this exciting field evolves, there is emerging evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in a beneficial crosstalk system between skeletal muscle and other organs that may potentially limit the progression of CKD. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle wasting and explore the contribution of miRNAs to the development of muscle wasting in CKD. We also discuss advances in our understanding of miRNAs in muscle–organ crosstalk and summarize miRNA-based therapeutics currently in clinical trials.

scholarly journals The Toll-Like Receptor/MyD88/XBP1 Signaling Axis Mediates Skeletal Muscle Wasting during Cancer Cachexia

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Bohnert ◽  
Praneeth Goli ◽  
Anirban Roy ◽  
Aditya K. Sharma ◽  
Guangyan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting

ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle wasting causes both morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that the markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways are increased in skeletal muscle under multiple catabolic conditions, including cancer. However, the signaling mechanisms and the role of individual arms of the UPR in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remain largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) was increased in skeletal muscle in a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model of cancer cachexia. Targeted ablation of MyD88 inhibits the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength in LLC tumor-bearing mice. Inhibition of MyD88 attenuates the LLC-induced activation of the UPR in skeletal muscle of mice. Moreover, muscle-specific deletion of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a major downstream target of IRE1α arm of the UPR, ameliorates muscle wasting in LLC tumor-bearing mice. Our results also demonstrate that overexpression of an active form of XBP1 caused atrophy in cultured myotubes. In contrast, knockdown of XBP1 inhibits myotube atrophy in response to LLC or C26 adenocarcinoma cell conditioned medium. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TLR/MyD88-mediated activation of XBP1 causes skeletal muscle wasting in LLC tumor-bearing mice.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Hayden W. Hyatt ◽  
Scott K. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Vital Functions

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.

scholarly journals Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for cancer cachexia: a focus on interleukin-6 regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (2) ◽  
pp. R296-R310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène N. Daou
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Loss ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Tumor Growth And Metastasis

Cancer cachexia is a complicated disorder of extreme, progressive skeletal muscle wasting. It is directed by metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation dysregulation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that increased systemic inflammation promotes this type of cachexia and have suggested that cytokines are implicated in the skeletal muscle loss. Exercise is firmly established as an anti-inflammatory therapy that can attenuate or even reverse the process of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. The interleukin IL-6 is generally considered to be a key player in the development of the microenvironment of malignancy; it promotes tumor growth and metastasis by acting as a bridge between chronic inflammation and cancerous tissue and it also induces skeletal muscle atrophy and protein breakdown. Paradoxically, a beneficial role for IL-6 has also been identified recently, and that is its status as a “founding member” of the myokine class of proteins. Skeletal muscle is an important source of circulating IL-6 in people who participate in exercise training. IL-6 acts as an anti-inflammatory myokine by inhibiting TNFα and improving glucose uptake through the stimulation of AMPK signaling. This review discusses the action of IL-6 in skeletal muscle tissue dysfunction and the role of IL-6 as an “exercise factor” that modulates the immune system. This review also sheds light on the main considerations related to the treatment of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.

α-Ionone attenuates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice via activation of cAMP signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1167-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Tong ◽  
Minji Kim ◽  
Taesun Park
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Camp Signaling ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flavoring Agent

α-Ionone, a naturally occurring flavoring agent, attenuates muscle atrophy in HFD-fed mice via activation of cAMP signaling.

scholarly journals The Adipokines in Cancer Cachexia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Mannelli ◽  
Tania Gamberi ◽  
Francesca Magherini ◽  
Tania Fiaschi
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Circulating Levels

Cachexia is a devastating pathology induced by several kinds of diseases, including cancer. The hallmark of cancer cachexia is an extended weight loss mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting and fat storage depletion from adipose tissue. The latter exerts key functions for the health of the whole organism, also through the secretion of several adipokines. These hormones induce a plethora of effects in target tissues, ranging from metabolic to differentiating ones. Conversely, the decrease of the circulating level of several adipokines positively correlates with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. A lot of findings suggest that cancer cachexia is associated with changed secretion of adipokines by adipose tissue. In agreement, cachectic patients show often altered circulating levels of adipokines. This review reported the findings of adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, and visfatin) in cancer cachexia, highlighting that to study in-depth the involvement of these hormones in this pathology could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals JNK signaling contributes to skeletal muscle wasting and protein turnover in pancreatic cancer cachexia

2020 ◽  
Vol 491 ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Mulder ◽  
Aneesha Dasgupta ◽  
Ryan J. King ◽  
Jaime Abrego ◽  
Kuldeep S. Attri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Jnk Signaling ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting

scholarly journals MuRF1/TRIM63, Master Regulator of Muscle Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce Peris-Moreno ◽  
Daniel Taillandier ◽  
Cécile Polge
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Cardiac Functions ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Inhibitory Molecules

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF1/TRIM63 was identified 20 years ago and suspected to play important roles during skeletal muscle atrophy. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to decipher the roles, molecular mechanisms and regulation of this enzyme. This revealed that MuRF1 is an important player in the skeletal muscle atrophy process occurring during catabolic states, making MuRF1 a prime candidate for pharmacological treatments against muscle wasting. Indeed, muscle wasting is an associated event of several diseases (e.g., cancer, sepsis, diabetes, renal failure, etc.) and negatively impacts the prognosis of patients, which has stimulated the search for MuRF1 inhibitory molecules. However, studies on MuRF1 cardiac functions revealed that MuRF1 is also cardioprotective, revealing a yin and yang role of MuRF1, being detrimental in skeletal muscle and beneficial in the heart. This review discusses data obtained on MuRF1, both in skeletal and cardiac muscles, over the past 20 years, regarding the structure, the regulation, the location and the different functions identified, and the first inhibitors reported, and aim to draw the picture of what is known about MuRF1. The review also discusses important MuRF1 characteristics to consider for the design of future drugs to maintain skeletal muscle mass in patients with different pathologies.

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