scholarly journals The Effects of Exercise Difficulty and Time-of-Day on the Perception of the Task and Soccer Performance in Child Soccer Players

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Liwa Masmoudi ◽  
Adnene Gharbi ◽  
Cyrine H’Mida ◽  
Khaled Trabelsi ◽  
Omar Boukhris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Speed Accuracy

In soccer, accurate kicking skills are important determinants of successful performance. A successful kick must meet several criteria, including speed, accuracy, and timing. In fact, players who are able to kick the ball more accurately under various difficulties, such as time pressure, space constraints, the opponent’s pressure, and the distance between the kicking point and the goal, have a clear advantage during soccer games. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise difficulty and time-of-day on perceived task difficulty and kicking performance. Accordingly, 32 boys (age: 11 ± 0.7 years; height: 1.45 ± 0.07 m; body-mass: 38.9 ± 7.8 kg) performed shooting accuracy tests under two difficulty levels (distance (long-distance (LD) vs. short-distance (SD)) and time pressure (Without-time-pressure (WTP) vs. With-time-pressure (TP)) at 08:00 h and 17:00 h. Absolute-error, variable-error, and constant-error were evaluated during the kicking tasks, in addition to ball velocity and shooting quality. Moreover, rating-of-perceived-exertion score (RPE), feeling-scale (FS), and perceived difficulty were completed immediately at the end of each test. The results showed that shooting quality was not affected by the time-of-day, but it was better in WTP vs. TP (p < 0.05), and in SD vs. LD (p < 0.05), respectively. Higher values for FS and lower values for RPE were observed in the morning compared to the afternoon (p < 0.05) and in WTP vs. TP (p < 0.05). In conclusion, specific soccer skills of boys were not time-of-day dependent, but they may be associated with time pressure and task difficulty.

Football Equipment Design Affects Face Mask Removal Efficiency

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1210-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik E. Swartz ◽  
Susan A. Norkus ◽  
Tom Cappaert ◽  
Laura C. Decoster
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Equipment Design ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Spine Injury ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Football Helmet ◽  
Perceived Difficulty

Background Researchers have investigated the performance of face mask removal tools for spine injury management in football but not the effects of football equipment design. Hypotheses Various styles or designs of football helmet equipment (helmets, face masks, loop straps) affect face mask removal efficiency. A cordless screwdriver performs more efficiently than do cutting tools. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Nineteen certified athletic trainers were randomly assigned to group 1 (cordless screwdriver and the FM Extractor) or group 2 (cordless screwdriver and the Trainer's Angel). Subjects randomly performed face mask removal for 6 conditions composed of helmet (3), face mask (3), and loop strap (5) combinations. Time, head movement, perceived difficulty, and success rates were measured. Results Multiple significant differences were found in time, movement, and perceived difficulty between the 6 helmet equipment conditions. The Shockblocker loop strap was consistently superior in all variables regardless of the tool used or the helmet it was attached to. The cordless screwdriver created less movement (mean range from any one plane, 2.8°-13.3°), was faster (mean range, 42.1-68.8 seconds), and was less difficult (mean rating of perceived exertion range, 1.4-2.9) compared to cutting tools (ranges, 4.4°-18.4° in any one plane, 71-174 seconds, rating of perceived exertion, 2.8-7.7). Trial failure was more common with cutting tools than with the screwdriver. Conclusion Differences in football helmet equipment affect face mask removal. The cordless screwdriver is more efficient than the FM Extractor and Trainer's Angel. Clinical Relevance Professionals responsible for the care of football athletes must be knowledgeable in the types of equipment used and the best option available for effective airway access.

Training-Load Distribution in Endurance Runners: Objective Versus Subjective Assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Manzi ◽  
Antonio Bovenzi ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Paola Sinibaldi Salimei ◽  
Maurizio Volterrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Methodologies

Purpose:To assess the distribution of exercise intensity in long-distance recreational athletes (LDRs) preparing for a marathon and to test the hypothesis that individual perception of effort could provide training responses similar to those provided by standardized training methodologies.Methods:Seven LDRs (age 36.5 ± 3.8 y) were followed during a 5-mo training period culminating with a city marathon. Heart rate at 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L and maximal heart rate were used to establish 3 intensity training zones. Internal training load (TL) was assessed by training zones and TRIMPi methods. These were compared with the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) method.Results:Total time spent in zone 1 was higher than in zones 2 and 3 (76.3% ± 6.4%, 17.3% ± 5.8%, and 6.3% ± 0.9%, respectively; P = .000 for both, ES = 0.98, ES = 0.99). TL quantified by session-RPE provided the same result. The comparison between session-RPE and training-zones-based methods showed no significant difference at the lowest intensity (P = .07, ES = 0.25). A significant correlation was observed between TL RPE and TL TRIMPi at both individual and group levels (r = .79, P < .001). There was a significant correlation between total time spent in zone 1 and the improvement at the running speed of 2 mmol/L (r = .88, P < .001). A negative correlation was found between running speed at 2 mmol/L and the time needed to complete the marathon (r = –.83, P < .001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that in recreational LDRs most of the training time is spent at low intensity and that this is associated with improved performances. Session-RPE is an easy-to-use training method that provides responses similar to those obtained with standardized training methodologies.

Anaerobic Threshold Prediction Using the OMNI-Walk/Run Scale in Long-Distance Runners: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-730
Author(s):  
Yuri de Almeida Costa Campos ◽  
Jeferson M. Vianna ◽  
Miller P. Guimarães ◽  
Hiago L.R. Souza ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To identify the anaerobic threshold through the lactate threshold determined by Dmax and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) threshold by Dmax and to evaluate the agreement and correlation between lactate threshold determined by Dmax and RPE threshold by Dmax during an incremental test performed on the treadmill in long-distance runners. Methods: A total of 16 long-distance runners volunteered to participate in the study. Participants performed 2 treadmill incremental tests for the collection of blood lactate concentrations and RPE separated by a 48-hour interval. The incremental test started at 8 km·h−1, increasing by 1.2 km·h−1 every third minute until exhaustion. During each stage of the incremental test, there were pauses of 30 seconds for the collection of blood lactate concentration and RPE. Results: No significant difference was found between methods lactate threshold determined by Dmax and RPE threshold by Dmax methods (P = .664). In addition, a strong correlation (r = .91) and agreement through Bland–Altman plot analysis were found. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that it is possible to predict anaerobic threshold from the OMNI-walk/run scale curve through a single incremental test on the treadmill. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the reproducibility and objectivity of the OMNI-walk/run scale for anaerobic threshold determination.

scholarly journals Drafting’s Improvement of 3000-m Running Performance in Elite Athletes: Is It a Placebo Effect?

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassane Zouhal ◽  
Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman ◽  
Jacques Prioux ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Lotfi Bouguerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Trained Runners

Purpose:To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running.Methods:Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gasexchange system (K4B2). The 2nd and the 3rd tests consisted of nondrafting 3000-m running (3000-mND) and 3000-m running with drafting for the 1st 2000 m (3000-mD) performed on the track in a randomized counterbalanced order.Results:Performance during the 3000-mND (553.59 ± 22.15 s) was significantly slower (P < .05) than during the 3000-mD (544.74 ± 18.72 s). Cardiorespiratory responses were not significantly different between the trials. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < .05) after the 3000-mND (16.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L) than after the 3000-mD (13.2 ± 5.6 mmol/L). Athletes perceived the 3000-mND as more strenuous than the 3000-mD (P < .05) (RPE = 16.1 ± 0.8 vs 13.1 ± 1.3). Results demonstrate that drafting has a significant effect on performance in highly trained runners.Conclusion:This effect could not be explained by a reduced energy expenditure or cardiorespiratory effort as a result of drafting. This raises the possibility that drafting may aid running performance by both physiological and nonphysiological (ie, psychological) effects.

scholarly journals Heat Acclimation by Postexercise Hot-Water Immersion: Reduction of Thermal Strain During Morning and Afternoon Exercise-Heat Stress After Morning Hot-Water Immersion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zurawlew ◽  
Jessica A. Mee ◽  
Neil P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Purpose: Recommendations state that to acquire the greatest benefit from heat-acclimation, the clock time of heat-acclimation sessions should match that of expected exercise-heat stress. It remains unknown if adaptations by postexercise hot-water immersion (HWI) demonstrate time-of-day-dependent adaptations. Thus, the authors examined whether adaptations following postexercise HWI completed in the morning were present during morning and afternoon exercise-heat stress. Methods: Ten males completed an exercise-heat stress test commencing in the morning (9:45 AM) and afternoon (2:45 PM; 40 min; 65% of maximal oxygen uptake treadmill run) before and after heat-acclimation. The 6-d heat-acclimation intervention involved a daily 40-min treadmill run (65% of maximal oxygen uptake) in temperate conditions followed by ≤40-min HWI (40°C; 6:30–11:00 AM). Results: Adaptations by 6-d postexercise HWI in the morning were similar in the morning and afternoon. Reductions in resting rectal temperature (Tre) (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.27°C [0.23°C]; P = .002), Tre at sweating onset (AM −0.34°C [0.24°C], PM −0.31°C [0.25°C]; P = .001), and end-exercise Tre (AM −0.47°C [0.33°C], PM −0.43°C [0.29°C]; P = .001), heart rate (AM −14 [7] beats·min−1, PM −13 [6] beats·min−1; P < .01), rating of perceived exertion (P = .01), and thermal sensation (P = .005) were not different in the morning compared with the afternoon. Conclusion: Morning heat acclimation by postexercise HWI induced adaptations at rest and during exercise-heat stress in the morning and midafternoon.

scholarly journals Shear Wave Elastography Measures of the Achilles Tendon: Influence of Time of Day, Leg Dominance and the Impact of an Acute 30-Minute Bout of Running

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1170
Author(s):  
Catherine Payne ◽  
Peter Watt ◽  
Nick Webborn
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cont Group ◽  
Leg Dominance ◽  
The Impact

The mechanical properties of human tendons are likely to be influenced by factors known to affect elastic structures, including patterns of loading and unloading during the day. However, the exact scale and relevance of these variables to tendon stiffness remains unclear. The aim of this study was to (1) measure Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness over the course of the day, (2) examine AT stiffness between dominant and non-dominant standing leg tendons and (3) assess the impact of previous activity on AT stiffness. To assess the impact of time of day and leg dominance, 15 healthy participants (6 females, 9 males; mean age 28 ± 4 year, mean VISA-A score 99.0 ± 1.2) had shear wave elastography (SWE) measures taken at 08:00 h, 12:30 h and 17:00 h on both dominant and non-dominant legs. To assess the impact of exercise, 24 tendons were analysed (7 females, 5 males; mean age 27 ± 4 year, mean VISA-A Score 99.1 ± 1.1) with participants randomly assigned to either a control (CONT) group or a running (RUN) group. The RUN group performed a 30-min run at a subjective intensity of 13–15 on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and had SWE measures taken before, immediately after, 6 h 24 h, 48 h and 72 h following the run. There were no significant differences in AT stiffness over the course of a day or between dominant and non-dominant leg. Significant increases in AT stiffness were noted pre-post run (0.27 m/s, 2.95%, p = 0.037). Leg dominance does not affect SWE values from asymptomatic ATs or change throughout a day, but a 30-min run significantly increases AT stiffness. Leg dominance and timing of clinical appointments are unlikely to affect SWE results, however a prior bout of physical activity may cause changes within the AT resulting in a significantly different SWE measure. Clinicians and researchers should be cautious of interpreting SWE results if weight bearing exercise has been performed beforehand.

Hormonal and Neuromuscular Responses to High-Level Middle- and Long-Distance Competition

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández ◽  
Carlos Ma Tejero-González ◽  
Juan del Campo-Vecino
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Neuromuscular Responses ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
High Level

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of high-level competition on salivary free cortisol, countermovement jump (CMJ), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the relationships between these fatigue indicators in a group of elite middle- and long-distance runners.Method:The salivary free cortisol levels and CMJ height of 10 high-level middle- and long-distance runners (7 men, 3 women; age 27.6 ± 5.1y) competing in 800-m, 1500-m, 3000-m, or 5000-m events in the 2013 Spanish National Championships were measured throughout a 4-wk baseline period, then again before and after their respective races on the day of the competition. Athletes’ RPE was also measured after their races.Results:Cortisol increased significantly after the race compared with the value measured 90 min before the race (+98.3%, g = 0.82, P < .05), while CMJ height decreased significantly after the race (–3.9%, g = 0.34, P < .05). The decrease in CMJ height after the race correlates significantly with the postcompetition cortisol increase (r = .782, P < .05) and the RPE assessment (r = .762, P < .01).Conclusions:Observed differences in CMJ height correlate significantly with salivary free cortisol levels and RPE of middle- and long-distance runners. These results show the suitability of the CMJ for monitoring multifactorial competition responses in high-level middle- and long-distance runners.

Modeling the Prediction of the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion in Soccer: Unraveling the Puzzle of Predictive Indicators

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-846
Author(s):  
Youri Geurkink ◽  
Gilles Vandewiele ◽  
Maarten Lievens ◽  
Filip de Turck ◽  
Femke Ongenae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Supplementary Variables ◽  
Individual Player ◽  
Predictive Indicators

Purpose: To predict the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in soccer and determine its main predictive indicators. Methods: A total of 70 external-load indicators (ELIs), internal-load indicators, individual characteristics, and supplementary variables were used to build a predictive model. Results: The analysis using gradient-boosting machines showed a mean absolute error of 0.67 (0.09) arbitrary units (AU) and a root-mean-square error of 0.93 (0.16) AU. ELIs were found to be the strongest predictors of the sRPE, accounting for 61.5% of the total normalized importance (NI), with total distance as the strongest predictor. The included internal-load indicators and individual characteristics accounted only for 1.0% and 4.5%, respectively, of the total NI. Predictive accuracy improved when including supplementary variables such as group-based sRPE predictions (10.5% of NI), individual deviation variables (5.8% of NI), and individual player markers (17.0% of NI). Conclusions: The results showed that the sRPE can be predicted quite accurately using only a relatively limited number of training observations. ELIs are the strongest predictors of the sRPE. However, it is useful to include a broad range of variables other than ELIs, because the accumulated importance of these variables accounts for a reasonable component of the total NI. Applications resulting from predictive modeling of the sRPE can help coaching staff plan, monitor, and evaluate both the external and internal training load.

scholarly journals The reliability of physiological and performance data obtained during a long distance simulated triathlon laboratory test

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Kate Margaret Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Task Representation ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a newly developed long distance (LD) simulated triathlon for testing performance and physiological changes in LD triathletes. Ten trained LD triathletes (mean ± standard deviation: age 34.1 ± 5.0 years, body mass 69.07 ± 13.89 kg) completed two separate trials of a simulated LD triathlon consisting of a 1500 m swim, a 60 minute cycle at 60% of power at VO2max and a 20 minute run at 70% of velocity at VO2max. Performance (time, pace, power and rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (economy of movement (oxygen cost and energy consumption), blood lactate and heart rate)variables were measured throughout the simulated LD triathlon. Coefficient of variations (CV %) and intra class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine reliability. The current study displayed a high level of reliability, with moderate to excellent ICC measurements for performance and physiological variables (ICC 0.62 – 0.99). All physiological variables, except blood lactate, demonstrated CV values < 10%. In conclusion, the newly developed LD simulated triathlon has a high level of task representation for LD triathletes and can accurately assess performance changes in a research setting.

scholarly journals Greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning than late afternoon during judo training in the heat of summer

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242916
Author(s):  
Hidenori Otani ◽  
Takayuki Goto ◽  
Yuki Kobayashi ◽  
Minayuki Shirato ◽  
Heita Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Purpose The time-of-day variations in environmental heat stress have been known to affect thermoregulatory responses and the risk of exertional heat-related illness during outdoor exercise in the heat. However, such effect and risk are still needed to be examined during indoor sports/exercises. The current study investigated the diurnal relationships between thermoregulatory strain and environmental heat stress during regular judo training in a judo training facility without air conditioning on a clear day in the heat of summer. Methods Eight male high school judokas completed two 2.5-h indoor judo training sessions. The sessions were commenced at 09:00 h (AM) and 16:00 h (PM) on separate days. Results During the sessions, indoor and outdoor heat stress progressively increased in AM but decreased in PM, and indoor heat stress was less in AM than PM (mean ambient temperature: AM 32.7±0.4°C; PM 34.4±1.0°C, P<0.01). Mean skin temperature was higher in AM than PM (P<0.05), despite greater dry and evaporative heat losses in AM than PM (P<0.001). Infrared tympanic temperature, heart rate and thermal sensation demonstrated a trial by time interaction (P<0.001) with no differences at any time point between trials, showing relatively higher responses in these variables in PM compared to AM during the early stages of training and in AM compared to PM during the later stages of training. There were no differences between trials in body mass loss and rating of perceived exertion. Conclusions This study indicates a greater thermoregulatory strain in the morning from 09:00 h than the late afternoon from 16:00 h during 2.5-h regular judo training in no air conditioning facility on a clear day in the heat of summer. This observation is associated with a progressive increase in indoor and outdoor heat stress in the morning, despite a less indoor heat stress in the morning than the afternoon.

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