scholarly journals A Novel Comparative Study Based on the Economic Feasibility of the Ceramic Nanoparticles Role’s in Improving the Properties of the AA5250 Nanocomposites

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Waheed Sami Abushanab ◽  
Essam B. Moustafa ◽  
Ammar A. Melaibari ◽  
Anton D. Kotov ◽  
Ahmed O. Mosleh
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Vanadium Carbide ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Grain Refining ◽  
Pinning Mechanism ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Zener Pinning ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, AA5250 aluminum sheets are reinforced with boron nitride (BN), silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and vanadium carbide (VC). The nanocomposites metal matrix are manufactured using friction stir processing (FSP). A novel analytical comparison based on an assessment of mechanical, physical properties and the cost of manufactured materials was conducted to help the engineers and designers choose the most economically feasible nanocomposite. The results revealed extra grain refining for all composites in the stirred zone (SZ) due to the Zener-pinning mechanism. The smallest grain size was obtained in AA5250/BN, and it decreased 20 times that of the base metal (BM). The highest wear resistance was achieved in AA5250/SiC, followed by AA5250/VC and AA5250/BN. The lowest coefficient of friction was obtained for AA5250/BN due to the self-lubrication property of BN; which was μ = 0.28. SiC AA5250 had the highest hardness, increasing three times more than the base metal in terms of its hardness. There was a detailed discussion of the probable explanations for the improvements. However, the outstanding characteristics of the BN nanoparticles, the AA5250/BN was reported to be lower than the AA5250/SiC. In comparison, the AA5250/SiC nanocomposite exhibits the optimum value due to its fitting for different properties relative to the cost.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Characterization of Steel-Base Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced by Yttria Nanoparticles through Friction Stir Processing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7611
Author(s):  
Essam R. I. Mahmoud ◽  
Hamad Almohamadi ◽  
Abdulrahman Aljabri ◽  
Sohaib Z. Khan ◽  
Ahmad N. Saquib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Friction Stir Processing ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Rear Surface ◽  
Steel Matrix ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Steel Base ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Traveling Speed

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) was used to fabricate metal matrix composite, based on steel and reinforced with nano-sized yttrium oxide powder. The powder was packed in a narrow longitudinal groove of 2 mm depth and 1 mm width cut in the steel plate’s rear surface. Different rotation speeds of 500–1500 rpm were used, at a fixed traveling speed of 50 mm.min−1. Single-pass and two passes, with the same conditions, were applied. The direction of the second pass was opposite to that of the first pass. After the first pass, complete nugget zones were obtained when the rotation speeds were more than 700 rpm with some particles agglomeration. The added particles showed as narrow elliptical bands, with a band pitch equal to the rotation speed over traveling speed. Performing the second FSP pass in the opposite direction resulted in better particles distributions. Almost defect-free composite materials, with homogenously distributed yttria nano-sized particles, were obtained after two passes when rotation speeds more than 700 rpm were used. The resulting steel matrix grains were refined from ~60 μm of the base metal to less than 3 μm of the processed nugget zone matrix. The hardness and the tensile strength of the fabricated materials improved almost two-fold over the base metal. Uniform microhardness values within the nugget areas were observed at higher rotational speeds. The ductility and toughness of the fabricated composites were reduced compared to the base metal.

scholarly journals A Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Micro Friction Stir Welded Ultra-Thin Al-1060 Sheets by the Shoulderless Tool

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Zhang ◽  
Weijie Wang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Chen Rong ◽  
Zhuo Qin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Welding Defects ◽  
Plastic Forming ◽  
Conventional Tool

The welding tool is the key of micro friction stir welding (μFSW), which affects the heat input and the plastic forming of weld metal. In this paper, 0.8-mm-thick ultra-thin 1060-H24 aluminum sheets μFSW butt joints were used to compare and analyze the influence of the conventional tool and shoulderless tool on weld shaping, microstructure and mechanical properties. Besides, by measuring the axial force, transverse force and weld temperature in μFSW process, the influence of these two different tools on the heat input and metal flow mechanism of the weld were analyzed. The results show that the weld generated by the shoulderless tool has narrower width, less heat input and metal involved in plastic forming resulting in smaller HAZ (heat affected zone). The hardness of NZ (nugget zone) is obviously increased compared with that of the base metal. The highest tensile strength can reach 108.6 MPa, accounting for 78.6% of the base metal and 117.3% of the joint by the conventional tool. But the welding defects have to be overcome for industrial application of the shoulderless tool.

An appraisal of characteristic mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir welding for Aluminium 6061 alloy – Silicon Carbide (SiCp) metal matrix composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5804-5817
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Metal Matrix Composite ◽  
Matrix Composite ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Fusion Welding ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Al 6061

It is expected that the demand for Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) will increase in these applications in the aerospace and automotive industries sectors, strengthened AMC has different advantages over monolithic aluminium alloy as it has characteristics between matrix metal and reinforcement particles.  However, adequate joining technique, which is important for structural materials, has not been established for (MMCs) yet. Conventional fusion welding is difficult because of the irregular redistribution or reinforcement particles.  Also, the reaction between reinforcement particles and aluminium matrix as weld defects such as porosity in the fusion zone make fusion welding more difficult. The aim of this work was to show friction stir welding (FSW) feasibility for entering Al 6061/5 to Al 6061/18 wt. % SiCp composites has been produced by using stir casting technique. SiCp is added as reinforcement in to Aluminium alloy (Al 6061) for preparing metal matrix composite. This method is less expensive and very effective. Different rotational speeds,1000 and 1800 rpm and traverse speed 10 mm \ min was examined. Specimen composite plates having thick 10 mm were FS welded successfully. A high-speed steel (HSS) cylindrical instrument with conical pin form was used for FSW. The outcome revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint (Al 6061/18 wt. %) was 195 MPa at rotation speed 1800 rpm, the outcome revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint (Al 6061/18 wt.%) was 165 MPa at rotation speed 1000 rpm, that was very near to the composite matrix as-cast strength. The research of microstructure showed the reason for increased joint strength and microhardness. The microstructural study showed the reason (4 %) for higher joint strength and microhardness.  due to Significant   of SiCp close to the boundary of the dynamically recrystallized and thermo mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) was observed through rotation speed 1800 rpm. The friction stir welded ultimate tensile strength Decreases as the volume fraction increases of SiCp (18 wt.%).

Economic feasibility of restoration of degraded and neglected lands

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Anastasiya V. Mironova ◽  
Igor’ V. Liskin ◽  
Irina I. Afonina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Neglect of soils leads to their degradation, worsens useful properties, and reduces fertility and productivity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in conducting a comparative analysis of technologies for treating degraded soils, taking into account the economic feasibility of their restoration in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Materials and methods) The article shows the main technological scheme of restoration of degraded soils. Authors have identified the main groups of land that are located in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Results and discussion) The article presents the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of each type of land in the non-black-soil regions of Russia. Authors took into account that the salary of machine operators depends on the time of direct execution of the task. It was found that the restoration of virgin and fallow lands was the most preferable from the economic, energy-saving and environmental points of view. The article shows that the restoration of pasture areas exceeds the cost of processing virgin lands, but the number of necessary machine and tractor units is comparable to work on virgin lands. Authors recommend to develop the soils with woody and shrubby vegetation in the first place, starting with land occupied by young plants. It is necessary to take into account the criteria for the fertility of the soil layer. It was found that soils with a small excess of moisture have small cost of its development, while on heavily swampy soils the cost of work on their development is many times higher than the cost of restoring other types of land. (Conclusion) The article shows that the restoration of neglected land is a necessary condition for improving the provision of human needs for food and a number of industrial goods. First of all, it is necessary to develop land that requires minimal investment of economic and labor costs.

scholarly journals Economic and environmental assessment of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kepa Izaguirre ◽  
Leire Barañano ◽  
Sonia Castañón ◽  
José A. L. Santos ◽  
M. Teresa Cesário ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe management of municipal solid waste is a major logistic and environmental problem worldwide. Nonetheless, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a valuable source of nutrients which can be used for a variety of purposes, according to the Circular Economy paradigm. Among the possible applications, the bioproduction of a biodegradable polyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)], using OFMSW as carbon platform is a promising strategy. Here, an economic and environmental assessment of bacterial P(3HB) production from OFMSW is presented based on previously published results. The SuperPro Designer® software was used to simulate P(3HB) production under our experimental parameters. Two scenarios were proposed depending on the fermentation medium: (1) enzymatic hydrolysate of OFMSW supplemented with glucose and plum waste juice; and (2) basal medium supplemented with glucose and plum waste juice. According to our results, both scenarios are not economically feasible under our experimental parameters. In Scenario 1, the low fermentation yield, the cost of the enzymes, the labour cost and the energy consumption are the factors that most contribute to that result. In Scenario 2, the cost of the extraction solvent and the low fermentation yield are the most limiting factors. The possibility of using process waste as raw material for the generation of other products must be investigated to enhance economic feasibility. From an environmental viewpoint, the photochemical oxidation potential (derived from the use of anisole as extraction solvent) and the generation of acid rain and global warming effect (caused by the burning of fuels for power generation) are the most relevant impacts associated to P(3HB) production under our experimental parameters.

A study on the microstructure, hardness, and tribological behavior of aluminum-based metal–matrix composite fabricated through recursive friction stir processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 146442072097668
Author(s):  
G Girish ◽  
V Anandakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Metal Matrix Composite ◽  
Matrix Composite ◽  
Friction Stir Processing ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Microstructure Examination

In this work, an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/TiC metal–matrix composite was fabricated through recursive friction stir processing, and its microstructure, hardness, and tribological properties were investigated. Microstructure examination revealed a homogeneous dispersion of TiC particles in the matrix after six recursive passes. The grains were significantly refined and microhardness of the composite improved due to the presence of TiC particles. Friction coefficient and wear rate of the composite went up with an increase in the applied load and dropped significantly at higher sliding velocities. The morphology of the wear specimens experimented under different testing conditions was analyzed and the corresponding wear mechanisms discussed.

scholarly journals Formability study and metallurgical properties analysis of FSWed AA 6061 blank by the SPIF process

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Payam Tayebi ◽  
Ali Fazli ◽  
Parviz Asadi ◽  
Mahdi Soltanpour
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Numerical Process ◽  
Tailor Welded Blank

AbstractIn this study, in order to obtain the maximum possible formability in tailor-welded blank AA6061 sheets connected by the friction stir welding (FSW) procedure, the incremental sheet forming process has been utilized. The results are presented both numerically and experimentally. To obtain the forming limit angle, the base and FSWed sheets were formed in different angles with conical geometry, and ultimately, the forming limit angle for the base metal and FSWed sheet is estimated to be 60° and 57.5°, respectively. To explore the effects of welding and forming procedures on AA6061 sheets, experimental studies such as mechanical properties, microstructure and fracture analysis are carried out on the samples. Also, the thickness distribution of the samples is studied to investigate the effect of the welding process on the thickness distribution. Then, the numerical process was simulated by the ABAQUS commercial software to study the causes of the FSWed samples failure through analyzing the thickness distribution parameter, and major and minor strains and the strain distribution. Causes of failure in FSWed samples include increased minor strain, strain distribution and thickness distribution in welded areas, especially in the proximity of the base metal area.

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