scholarly journals Kidney Transplantation and Diagnostic Imaging: The Early Days and Future Advancements of Transplant Surgery

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Stan Benjamens ◽  
Cyril Moers ◽  
Riemer H.J.A. Slart ◽  
Robert A. Pol
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Diagnostic Imaging ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Intravenous Contrast ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Successful Transplantation ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation

The first steps for modern organ transplantation were taken by Emerich Ullmann (Vienne, Austria) in 1902, with a dog-to-dog kidney transplant, and ultimate success was achieved by Joseph Murray in 1954, with the Boston twin brothers. In the same time period, the ground-breaking work of Wilhelm C. Röntgen (1895) and Maria Sklodowska-Curie (1903), on X-rays and radioactivity, enabled the introduction of diagnostic imaging. In the years thereafter, kidney transplantation and diagnostic imaging followed a synergistic path for their development, with key discoveries in transplant rejection pathways, immunosuppressive therapies, and the integration of diagnostic imaging in transplant programs. The first image of a transplanted kidney, a urogram with intravenous contrast, was shown to the public in 1956, and the first recommendations for transplantation diagnostic imaging were published in 1958. Transplant surgeons were eager to use innovative diagnostic modalities, with renal scintigraphy in the 1960s, as well as ultrasound and computed tomography in the 1970s. The use of innovative diagnostic modalities has had a great impact on the reduction of post-operative complications in kidney transplantation, making it one of the key factors for successful transplantation. For the new generation of transplant surgeons, the historical alignment between transplant surgery and diagnostic imaging can be a motivator for future innovations.

Improving x-ray map resolution with image restoration techniques

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
Richard B. Mott ◽  
John J. Friel ◽  
Charles G. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Image Restoration ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Small Object ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mapping Parameters ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Map Resolution

X-rays are emitted from a relatively large volume in bulk samples, limiting the smallest features which are visible in X-ray maps. Beam spreading also hampers attempts to make geometric measurements of features based on their boundaries in X-ray maps. This has prompted recent interest in using low voltages, and consequently mapping L or M lines, in order to minimize the blurring of the maps.An alternative strategy draws on the extensive work in image restoration (deblurring) developed in space science and astronomy since the 1960s. A recent example is the restoration of images from the Hubble Space Telescope prior to its new optics. Extensive literature exists on the theory of image restoration. The simplest case and its correspondence with X-ray mapping parameters is shown in Figures 1 and 2.Using pixels much smaller than the X-ray volume, a small object of differing composition from the matrix generates a broad, low response. This shape corresponds to the point spread function (PSF). The observed X-ray map can be modeled as an “ideal” map, with an X-ray volume of zero, convolved with the PSF. Figure 2a shows the 1-dimensional case of a line profile across a thin layer. Figure 2b shows an idealized noise-free profile which is then convolved with the PSF to give the blurred profile of Figure 2c.

African and African American Religions in the Early Americas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Young
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
African American Religion ◽  
African Religion ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter chronicles the relationship between African religious practices on the continent and African American religion in the plantation Americas in the era of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. A new generation of scholars who emerged in the 1960s and 1970s have demonstrated not only that African religious practices exhibit remarkable subtlety and complexity but also that these cultures have played significant roles in the subsequent development of religious practices throughout the world. Christianity, Islam, and traditional African religion comprised a set of broad and varied religious practices that contributed to the development of creative, subtle, and complex belief systems that circulated around the African Diaspora. In addition, this chapter addresses some of the vexed epistemological challenges related to discussing and describing non-Western ritual and religious practices.

scholarly journals The Paradox of Happy Hypoxia in COVID 19

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Madhu Bansode ◽  
Pankaj Bansode
Keyword(s):  
Young Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Rule Out

Ever since the human race has been exposed to the novel COVID 19 illness, newer and newer intriguing features of the COVID viral plethora are seen with each passing day. Many manifestations of the COVID 19 illness have been baffling and unexplainable to researchers currently. One such unusual presentation seen is ‘happy hypoxia’ or silent hypoxemia in a third of patients' total number. This review article is intending to put some light on the puzzling condition of happy hypoxia. We authors refer you through various theories postulated for happy hypoxia. It has definite clinical implications in the sense that it can be lifesaving if detected early and promptly in a COVID patient. We conclude that happy hypoxia or silent hypoxemia is a new entity and should be diagnosed with a high index of suspicion in COVID suspect patients in both young patients with no co morbidities and the elderly and diabetics. Diagnostic modalities like pulse oximeter should be widely used at hospitals and clinics and for self-monitoring by the patients at homes. Also, chest X-rays or HRCT imaging of the lungs is essential in the early stages to identify the early infective changes with compromised lung function and rule out this happy hypoxia. Also, further research is essential to find the exact ethologic of this subclinical though ominous prognostic entity.

Kidney Transplantation 1: An Overview--Recipient Evaluation and Immunosuppression

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamil Azzi ◽  
Belinda T. Lee ◽  
Anil Chandraker
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Coordinated Care ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Successful Transplantation ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Esrd Patients

Half a century after the first successful kidney transplantation, we still stand at the crossroads of immunology and transplantation, where science meets art in the management of complex end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Successful transplantation requires not only a lifetime’s commitment from patients but also a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together surgeons, transplant nephrologists, primary care physicians, scientists, and nurses to provide coordinated care. Although transplantation is the treatment of choice for the vast majority of ESRD patients, many patients remain on dialysis due to a relative imbalance between demand for and supply of suitable organs. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recipient evaluation and immunosuppression. Risk factors that prohibit transplantation are discussed, as are human leukocyte antigen/ABO compatibility, transplant immunobiology, induction therapy, maintenance therapy, transplantation for special populations, and future directions in the field. Tables outline Amsterdam Living Donation Forum guidelines, ABO blood group compatibilities, and pretransplant immunologic testing. Visual aids include graphs, charts, cell illustrations, and an evaluative algorithm. This chapter contains 10 figures, 3 tables, 101 references, and 5 Board-styled MCQs.

Conclusion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udi Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Small Organizations ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation

This chapter considers the new vision of democracy ushered in by the generation of the 1960s. Unlike the architects of the postwar order, left-wing students challenged, rather than celebrated, the legitimacy of elected institutions and party politics. Parliaments were merely stages for oligarchies, tools for self-perpetuating elites. In both West Germany and the United States, students claimed that state institutions inevitably reinforced rigid hierarchies and oppressive norms. A “true” democracy could not be built by state agencies. Rather, it would emerge from “autonomy,” from small organizations, student movements, NGOs, and, later, human rights organizations. When the frustration and anger of this new generation exploded in protest in the late 1960s, German émigrés were among its main targets. Student journals and pamphlets frequently attacked and ridiculed the leading thinkers of the older generation. Such criticism was especially ferocious in West Germany, where returning émigrés came to represent Cold War ties with an amoral and depraved United States.

“Every Brother on a Rooftop Can Quote Fanon”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean L. Malloy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Amiri Baraka ◽  
The Third ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Lorraine Hansberry ◽  
New Generation

This chapter examines the intersection of the domestic and international developments that shaped the creation of black-led movements that looked beyond the borders of the United States for support and legitimacy in the 1960s. By the mid-1960s, the notion that black Americans should seek solidarity with the Third World rather than looking to Washington for help had attracted advocates ranging from Williams to Malcolm X, Lorraine Hansberry, Amiri Baraka, Vicki Garvin, Harold Cruse, and groups such as the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM). The successes—and failures—of these pioneering figures helped pave the way for a new generation of activists, including key figures in the birth and development of the Black Panther Party.

Rocha, Glauber (1939–1981)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Baker
Keyword(s):  
New Wave ◽  
Brazilian Cinema ◽  
French New Wave ◽  
Revolutionary Violence ◽  
New Type ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Brazilian Film ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Film Critic

Glauber Rocha de Andrade (Vitória da Conquista, 1939–1981) was a Brazilian film critic, screenwriter, producer, and director. Arguably the most important director of the cinema nôvo (New Cinema) movement of the 1960s and 1970s, he began his career as a film critic, writing for well-known Brazilian journals about Italian neorealism and the French New Wave – two crucial influences on his own work. His writings criticized Brazil's commercial cinema and called for a new type of film that would represent the reality of Brazilian life. His most famous essay in this regard is "Estética da Fome" ("An Esthetic of Hunger," 1965). The essay reflects on the neo-colonial condition of Brazilian cinema through the analogy of the starvation of the Brazilian people and the intellectual starvation of its cinematic tradition; anti-colonial revolutionary violence is the only possible solution to these plights. This theoretical viewpoint is reflected in his Deu e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (Black God, White Devil, 1964), a film which earned him recognition on the international scene and in Brazil as the unchallenged leader of a new generation.

The Millennial/Gen Z Leftists Are Emerging: Are Sociologists Ready for Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-427
Author(s):  
Elaine Bell Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Do So

Sociology is being challenged by the new generation of students and scholars who have another view of society. Millennial/Gen Zs are the most progressive generation since the 1960s. We have had many opportunities to discuss and imagine power, diversity, and social change when we teach them in our classes or attend their campus events. Some Millennial/Gen Z believe, especially those in academia, that social scientists are tied to old theories and ideologies about race and gender, among other inconsistencies. These old ideas do not resonate with their views regarding equity. Millennials are not afraid to challenge the status quo. They do so already by supporting multiple gender and race identities. Several questions come to mind. How do we as sociologists with our sense of history and other issues such as racial and gender inequality help them along the way? Are we ready for this generation? Are they ready for us?

SU-E-T-388: Dosimetric Study of a New-Generation Iodine-125 Source in Polymer: Dosimetric Impact of Fluorescence X-Rays

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (6Part16) ◽  
pp. 3577-3577
Author(s):  
F Abboud ◽  
M Hollows ◽  
P Scalliet ◽  
S Vynckier
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Dosimetric Study ◽  
Iodine 125 ◽  
New Generation
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document