Assessing Vehicle Emissions from a Multi-Lane to Turbo Roundabout Conversion Using a Microsimulation Tool

The development of urban strategies for the reduction of environmental impacts and decarbonization requires ongoing monitoring from the local scale and further deployment of actions to improve transport demand (user characteristics and modal choice) and supply (infrastructure and services). The analysis of pollution sources and the evaluation of possible scenarios are preliminary to the mitigation of impacts. In particular, the study of geometrical and functional characteristics of infrastructures through micro-simulation allows understanding of which schemes can support the reduction of emissions and guarantee high levels of service (LOS), reducing the problem of vehicular congestion in urban areas. The present work focuses on the small-scale analysis of vehicular traffic emissions at a multi-lane roundabout road intersection and the comparison of geometric schemes (current and design) and use with a turbo roundabout scheme as traffic volumes changes. These volumes have plummeted due to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that the geometric-functional modification of the roundabout intersection from a multi-lane to a turbo-roundabout intersection allows a reduction of up to 30% of the emissions considering the current composition of the traffic fleet in the city of Rzeszow in Poland. The proposed comparative analysis methodology can contribute to the drafting of sustainable urban mobility plans (SUMPs) proposing a set of investments for new road works and considering a number of scenarios with interventions that can be implemented in the medium and long term that can provide the incentive to reduce road congestion and vehicular emissions.

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Understanding Spatial Variability of NO2 in Urban Areas Using Spatial Modelling and Data Fusion Approaches

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12020179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Said Munir ◽

Martin Mayfield ◽

Daniel Coca

Keyword(s):

Data Fusion ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Low Cost ◽

Spatial Modelling ◽

City Centre ◽

Small Scale ◽

The City

Small-scale spatial variability in NO2 concentrations is analysed with the help of pollution maps. Maps of NO2 estimated by the Airviro dispersion model and land use regression (LUR) model are fused with measured NO2 concentrations from low-cost sensors (LCS), reference sensors and diffusion tubes. In this study, geostatistical universal kriging was employed for fusing (integrating) model estimations with measured NO2 concentrations. The results showed that the data fusion approach was capable of estimating realistic NO2 concentration maps that inherited spatial patterns of the pollutant from the model estimations and adjusted the modelled values using the measured concentrations. Maps produced by the fusion of NO2-LCS with NO2-LUR produced better results, with r-value 0.96 and RMSE 9.09. Data fusion adds value to both measured and estimated concentrations: the measured data are improved by predicting spatiotemporal gaps, whereas the modelled data are improved by constraining them with observed data. Hotspots of NO2 were shown in the city centre, eastern parts of the city towards the motorway (M1) and on some major roads. Air quality standards were exceeded at several locations in Sheffield, where annual mean NO2 levels were higher than 40 µg/m3. Road traffic was considered to be the dominant emission source of NO2 in Sheffield.

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OPTIONS FOR ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL ACUPUNCTURE

10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/01 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Vojvodíková ◽

Jiří Kupka ◽

Adéla Brázdová ◽

Radim Fojtík ◽

Iva Tichá

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Small Scale ◽

Financial Sustainability ◽

Technical Solution ◽

The City

To increase their resilience to climate change, cities are looking to apply elements of urban environmental acupuncture. The essence of such measures is many smaller sites that is functioning as mitigation measures. Many of these small places then create a large overall effect. The advantage of these small-scale measures is that they can be in densely populated areas The assessment tool described in this paper is designed for city representatives and is an aid to assess the suitability of applying a particular measure based on the parameters described. The evaluation itself then helps to decide whether the solution is suitable for a particular site or whether any of the parameters need to be adjusted to make it suitable, or whether it would be appropriate to change the proposed solution. The intention of the evaluation is not to assess the technical solution but relies primarily on the location, long-term (especially financial) sustainability and acceptance by the citizens of the city. The paper presents an example of the application of the evaluation to four sites in city Liptovský Mikuláš, describing the results and identifying parameters that can be improved to ensure the urban environmental acupuncture is accepted by citizens and thus future-proofed.

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Post-Disaster Urban Recovery Monitoring in Pisco After the 2007 Peru Earthquake Using Satellite Image

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2014.p1059 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1059-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Tomoyo Hoshi ◽

◽

Osamu Murao ◽

Kunihiko Yoshino ◽

Fumio Yamazaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Satellite Imagery ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Recovery Process ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Recovery Processes ◽

The City ◽

Post Disaster

Pisco was the area most damaged by the 2007 Peru earthquake. The purpose of this research is to develop possibilities of using satellite imagery to monitor postdisaster urban recovery processes, focusing on the urban change in Pisco between 2007 and 2011. To this end, the authors carried out field surveys in the city in 2012 and 2013 and also examined previous surveys to determine that building reconstruction peaked between 2008 and 2009. After analyzing the five-year recovery process, the authors compared its reconstruction conditions by visual interpretation with those by image analysis using satellite image. An accuracy of 71.2% was achieved for the visual interpretation results in congested urban areas, and that for developed districts was about 60%. The result shows that satellite imagery can be a useful tool for monitoring and understanding post-disaster urban recovery processes in the areas in which conducting long-term field survey is difficult.

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Study of crumb rubber materials as paving asphalt modifiers

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l07-056 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 1276-1288 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Daryl MacLeod ◽

Susanna Ho ◽

Ryan Wirth ◽

Ludo Zanzotto

Keyword(s):

Mixing Time ◽

Crumb Rubber ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Creep Properties ◽

Waste Tire ◽

Management Association ◽

Paving Asphalt ◽

Traffic Volumes ◽

The City

Waste tire crumb rubber materials (CRM) were used to modify paving asphalts. The mixing time, hot-storage stability, Superpave grades, pumping and handling properties, phase separation tests, and repeated creep properties of the modified asphalts were studied using base asphalts of different hardness. Applying the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program and the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) model, optimal levels of CRM and suitable base asphalts were selected for the climatic conditions of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. High-temperature grade bumping protocol, regarding traffic volume and speed, was also considered. With joint efforts from the Tire Recycling Management Association of Alberta (TRMA), Husky Energy, and the City of Lethbridge, three test sections in different Lethbridge locations with various traffic volumes were paved from the years 2003 to 2005. So far, the City of Lethbridge is pleased with the initial performance of the test sections.Key words: waste tire, crumb rubber materials (CRM), paving asphalt, recycled, modification, Superpave, repeated creep, field test.

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Microbiological Air Monitoring and Long-Term Evaluations of Selected Urban Areas in the City of Tirana

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/environsciproc2021009013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Erjon Troja ◽

Luljeta Pinguli ◽

Rozana Troja ◽

Eltion Dhamo ◽

Elena Muça

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Aspergillus Terreus ◽

Viable Count ◽

Indoor Environments ◽

Total Viable Count ◽

National Program ◽

Scientific Evaluation ◽

Year 2000 ◽

The City

The described experimental study, performed over the years, includes the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of the presence of microorganisms of air in outdoor and indoor environments of the Albanian Capital, Tirana, during a time when large demographic movements, accompanied by important urban interventions and infrastructural changes, have been part of our lives. A project, part of the National Program in Biotechnology (R & D—the year 2000), was the first support to obtain a database on microbiological air pollution in selected urban areas in Tirana and isolate and identify specific air microbial pollutants. The results obtained were an incentive to continue further with additional scientific evaluation monitoring research, which included the years 2011 to 2015 and then those of 2016–2020. Over the years, there has been a significant reduction in pollutant microbial loads (for selected outdoor areas of the center of Tirana, the total discovered loads decreased from values of the order 105–106, to currently about 102, for the same areas). A fluctuation in indoor microbial loads was observed in many cases. Additionally, a prominent presence of typical environmental fungi pollutants such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, as well as bacterial pollutants, cocci, and bacilli (typical Bacillus megatherium) was identified during a Total Viable Count (TVC) and other microbiological tests of identification.

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Integrasi Daya Tarik Wisata Kota Denpasar Bali

Jurnal Perkotaan ◽

10.25170/perkotaan.v9i1.285 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 48-66

Author(s):

I Gusti Bagus Rai Utama

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Local Community ◽

Shopping Malls ◽

Traditional Markets ◽

Multiple Components ◽

City Tourism ◽

Historical Monuments ◽

Tourism Attractions ◽

The City

The model of the development of an integrated city tourism urgently to be done for the short- term and long-term. Develop urban area is an attempt to increase revenue through taxes hotels, restaurants, and simultaneously increase the economic activity in urban areas. The good management of the city tourism will realize the satisfaction of all parties. Some of the cities in Indonesia deserves to be developed as a city tourism when viewed from multiple components as tourism attractions. These components are like: the town hall, roads that meaningful myth, historical monuments, culinary, college or university, shopping malls, traditional markets, squares, parks, museums, fairs, and other attractions. To be able to make it as a tourist product, the necessary integration related aspects comprising aspects of the attraction of the city, the transportation aspect, the aspect of main and supporting facilities, and institutional aspects such as the attributes of human resources, systems, and other related institutions. The city of Denpasar as as a business center of the activity in case the tourists both domestic and foreign tourists, require restructuring. Structuring urgent to do is structuring the local community business centers, the arrangement of lodges or hotels, and the area attractions management.

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Demand and supply side changes in the Santa Cruz, Bolivia, milk sector 1985 – 2002: impact on small-scale producers and poor consumers

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s1463981500041832 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 315-321

Author(s):

J. Rushton ◽

N. Duran ◽

S. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Small Scale ◽

Supply Side ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

The Past ◽

Country Study ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

During the past three decades worldwide dairy policies have been implemented to promote the consumption of milk and milk products in urban areas and the production from rural areas close to big cities (Alderman et al., 1987). Bolivia and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra have been influenced by these worldwide directives and this current study examines the impact of policies on the demand and supply side of the sector, but with particular emphasis on smallholder milk producers and poor urban consumers. The current research is part of a multi-country study on the supply, demand and impact of dairy and other policies over a 10 to 15 year period (1985 to 2000) of the milk sectors of Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Nairobi, Kenya; and Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Framework for Long-Term Public Housing Supply Plan Focusing on Small-Scale Offsite Construction in Seoul

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13105361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 5361

Author(s):

Hosang Hyun ◽

Young-Min Lee ◽

Hyung-Geun Kim ◽

Jin-Sung Kim

Keyword(s):

Public Housing ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Housing Demand ◽

Small Scale ◽

Modular Construction ◽

Research Framework ◽

The Government ◽

Housing Units

The public housing demand in Seoul has been continuously increasing, but the available land for housing is insufficient. To meet the demand, the Seoul government is planning to develop small-scale housing in urban areas through various methods. Construction activities for increasing housing capacity cause negative environmental impacts, and this inevitably leads to an increase in the number of civil complaints. The complaints can be mitigated by using offsite construction (OSC) for fabricating components. However, OSC remains underdeveloped in Korea owing to concerns over high project costs. To promote OSC, the government must develop a long-term plan to secure demand for OSC. For such a plan, the number and feasibility of applicable sites in Seoul must be estimated. This study suggests a two-stage research framework: (1) estimate the number of applicable sites in Seoul using GIS and (2) conduct feasibility analyses of these sites through architectural planning. The estimated number of sites was equal to the expected supply of small-scale housing units in Seoul for 8 years, and the selected case sites were identified to be feasible. Therefore, the use of OSC for developing small-scale housing units in Seoul is reasonable. This research differs from previous studies in that the previous use of qualitative studies to promote modular construction was replaced with a quantitative analysis that included the entire Seoul area. Using the research framework, the Seoul government can develop a specific long-term plan based on the quantitative research analysis. Furthermore, manufacturers can develop plans based on the government plan and deliver returns on the higher initial costs. The contractors can reduce the higher project cost and doing so is expected to mitigate the negative perception and to promote modular construction in Korea.

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Developing a sustainable urban transport policy in the & eld of supply in the face of the latest challenges

Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny ◽

10.35117/a_eng_19_12_01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (12) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Maria Matusiewicz

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Local Economy ◽

Transport Policy ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Urban Mobility ◽

Diffi Cult ◽

The Face ◽

Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

Transport of urban goods has a signifi cant impact on the lives of residents and the functioning of the local economy. At the same time, it creates numerous problems related to the impact on the environment and the surroundings. Thus, the distribution of goods in the city has a signifi cant impact on the lives of residents and tourists' impressions. Due to the fact that 25 percent EU emissions from transport come from urban areas, cities play a key role in mitigating the negative eff ects of transport. Many cities are currently implementing Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) that focus on people's mobility. In most cases, the distribution of goods is not mentioned in the SUMP or is mentioned briefl y. In the absence of clear guidelines for resolving urban transport issues, some cities have adopted various strategic documents and measures. In the absence of standardization of documents, it is diffi cult to compare them and determine the level of city advancement in the implementation of urban logistics measures. To overcome this problem, the EC initiated the concept of Sustainable Urban Logistics Plan (SULP). The article presents the structure and plan of implementing SULP.

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Short-term temperature variability in a tropical Andean city Manizales, Colombia

Revista vínculos ◽

10.14483/2322939x.17091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 129-139

Author(s):

Jeannette Zambrano Nájera ◽

Victor Delgado ◽

Jorge Julian Vélez Upegui

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Climatic Variability ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Temperature Structure ◽

Tropical Andes ◽

Temporal Complexity ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Available Information ◽

The City

The climatic variability in the Tropical Andes area is high, both spatially and temporally, and its analysis must be carried out both in the short and long term depending on the available information. This type of spatial-temporal analysis provides tools for planning and environmental management in urban areas, given its high complexity. This investigation focuses on a diagnosis of the diurnal cycle and the analysis of the monthly temperature structure in 13 stations located in the city of Manizales, Caldas (Colombia). This applied research aims to understand the behavior of the temperature in a tropical Andes city in Colombia, where the spatial-temporal complexity of this variable improve the urban and hydrological planning strategies. Results correspond to what has been previously defined by other authors for the Andean zone: city temperature shows very stable patrons, yet important variations in temperature range across the city are appreciated during the day.

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