scholarly journals Assessment of Soil Texture on Triticum aestivum Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rashid ◽  
Sana Kanwal ◽  
Sana Ghafar ◽  
Komal Nawwal ◽  
Sana Ajmal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil texture is an important environmental factor that influences the crop productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) because it provides all the nutrients required for growth of the plants. The soil based on nutrients is classified into four classes: silt, clay, sand, and loam. Soil based on mineral particles was classified by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). According to USDA, loam particles have a size between sand (2.00–1.0 mm) and silt (0.05–0.002 mm), whereas clay is less than 0.002 mm. Analysis shows that the growth rate of Triticum aestivum in each soil sample is different. The sizes of seven plants were increased in loamy soil, to 47 cm, whereas in sandy soil, plants were 25 cm long. Seven plants were grown in clay soil, and had lengths of 28 cm. Finally, five plants were grown in silt soil, and reached a size of 38 cm. After fertilizing each plant in the different soils equally, that the productivity of plants in loamy soil was observed to be greater as compared to plants of other soil samples. Clay soil plants showed improvements as compared to sand and silt soil, although not as good as loam. The worst growing plants were observed in sandy soil. This shows that the growth of Triticum aestivum plants is better in loamy soil, and loamy soil is the most beneficial for wheat crop productivity.

scholarly journals Use of Biosolids to Enhance Tomato Growth and Tolerance to Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. Radicis-Lycopersici

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Giannakis ◽  
Christos Manitsas ◽  
Ilias Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Georgios Menexes ◽  
Christina Emmanouil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Growth

Abstract Aims: A biosolid made from municipal sludge, acting as an organic fertilizer that enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, was evaluated for its effect on tomato growth and tolerance enhancement against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl). Methods: Peat and/or two soil types were amended with mixtures of this biosolid (0, 80 and 160 tn/ha) in order to study the growth of tomato plants and their response to Forl, either under controlled conditions or outdoors in a net protected area. Results: The results showed that biosolid addition increased tolerance of tomato plants against the disease. There was also an increase of tomato fresh weight, root weight, stem height and leaf number compared to the Forl-inoculated control soils. Forl, at 5 weeks after tomato transplanting, caused higher disease index on plants grown outdoors in biosolid plus clay soil than in biosolid plus sandy soil, while the opposite occurred under laboratory conditions where higher disease index was recorded on plants grown in peat plus sandy soil than in peat plus clay soil. Conclusions: The findings strongly support the evidence that this biosolid may act as an organic fertilizer and as a possible stimulant of tomato tolerance against Forl. Therefore, this type of biosolid, previously proven to be minimal ecotoxicological impact, should be considered for its possible use in agriculture according to the principles of circular economy and waste minimization.

scholarly journals Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Different Land-Use Systems: A Case Study of CO2 in the Southern Zone of Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilys Sefakor MacCarthy ◽  
Robert B. Zougmoré ◽  
Pierre Bienvenu Irénikatché Akponikpè ◽  
Eric Koomson ◽  
Patrice Savadogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Southern Zone ◽  
Land Use Systems

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) results in global warming and climate change. The extent to which developing countries contribute to GHG emissions is not well known. This study reports findings on the effects of different land-use systems on GHG emissions (CO2 in this case) from two locations in the southern zone of Ghana, West Africa. Site one (located at Kpong) contained a heavy clay soil while site two (located at Legon) contained a light-textured sandy soil. Land-use systems include cattle kraals, natural forests, cultivated maize fields, and rice paddy fields at site one, and natural forest, woodlots, and cultivated soya bean fields at site two. CO2 emissions were measured using the gas entrapment method (PVC chambers). Trapping solutions were changed every 12–48 h and measurement lasted 9 to 15 days depending on the site. We found that, for the same land-use, CO2 emissions were higher on the clay soil (Kpong) than the sandy soil (Legon). In the clay soil environment, the highest average CO2 emission was observed from the cattle kraal (256.7 mg·m−2·h−1), followed by the forest (146.0 mg·m−2·h−1) and rice paddy (140.6 mg·m−2·h−1) field. The lowest average emission was observed for maize cropped land (112.0 mg·m−2·h−1). In the sandy soil environment, the highest average CO2 emission was observed from soya cropped land (52.5 mg·m−2·h−1), followed by the forest (47.4 mg·m−2·h−1) and woodlot (33.7 mg·m−2·h−1). Several factors influenced CO2 emissions from the different land-use systems. These include the inherent properties of the soils such as texture, temperature, and moisture content, which influenced CO2 production through their effect on soil microbial activity and root respiration. Practices that reduce CO2 emissions are likely to promote carbon sequestration, which will consequently maintain or increase crop productivity and thereby improve global or regional food security.

scholarly journals Selenium biofortification of rice and radish: effect of soil texture and efficiency of two extractants

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernandes KFM ◽  
Berton RS ◽  
Coscione AR
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Edible Parts

The addition of essential elements to human health by mineral fertilization is considered a promising strategy for biofortification. A greenhouse experiment was carried out where amounts equivalent to 0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 kg/ha&nbsp;of selenium (Se), as sodium selenite, were added to two soils with contrasting textures to evaluate the increase in Se concentration on the edible parts of rice (grain) and radish (roots) plants. Two extractors (KCl and KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) were also evaluated in their efficiency in predicting available Se to the two species. Total Se concentration in plants increased significantly with the amounts of Se added to both soils showing that selenite can be used for biofortification of these crops. Selenium availability was higher on sandy soil than on sandy clay soil. Se extraction with KCl presented better performance than KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> in predicting Se phytoavailability for rice and radish.

scholarly journals Modeling impacts of faster productivity growth to inform the CGIAR initiative on Crops to End Hunger

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Wiebe ◽  
Timothy B Sulser ◽  
Shahnila Dunston ◽  
Mark W. Rosegrant ◽  
Keith Fuglie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
United States Department ◽  
The Impact

In 2017-2018, a group of international development funding agencies launched the Crops to End Hunger initiative to modernize public plant breeding in lower-income countries. To inform that initiative, USAID asked the International Food Policy Research Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service to estimate the impacts of faster productivity growth for 20 food crops on income and other indicators in 106 countries in developing regions in 2030. We first estimated the value of production in 2015 for each crop using data from FAO. We then used the IMPACT and GLOBE economic models to estimate changes in the value of production and changes in economy-wide income under scenarios of faster crop productivity growth, assuming that increased investment will raise annual rates of yield growth by 25% above baseline growth rates over the period 2015-2030. We found that faster productivity growth in rice, wheat and maize increased economy-wide income in the selected countries in 2030 by 59 billion USD, 27 billion USD and 21 billion USD respectively, followed by banana and yams with increases of 9 billion USD each. While these amounts represent small shares of total GDP, they are 2-15 times current public R&amp;D spending on food crops in developing countries. Income increased most in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Faster productivity growth in rice and wheat reduced the population at risk of hunger by 11 million people and 6 million people respectively, followed by plantain and cassava with reductions of about 2 million people each. Changes in adequacy ratios were relatively large for carbohydrates (already in surplus) and relatively small for micronutrients. In general, we found that impacts of faster productivity growth vary widely across crops, regions and outcome indicators, highlighting the importance of identifying the potentially diverse objectives of different decision makers and recognizing possible tradeoffs between objectives.

scholarly journals Ecological Preference of Soil Texture to Distribution of Mangrove Seedling Species in the Forest Mangrove Teluk Buo, Padang-Sumatera Barat

BioScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Irma - Leilani ◽  
Hendra Lardiman ◽  
Mades Fifendy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Loam Soil

A research has been conducted to find out the ecological preferences of soil texture on seedling of mangrove species in mangrove forest of Teluk Buo, Padang of West Sumatra. The study was done from May to July 2008. Samples were taken by making 3 transect lines perpendicular to the coastline. 26 observation plot 10 x 10 m was placed continuously zigz zag left to right along the transect line. In each plot is recorded the species of seedling were found and soil texture. Soil texture analized in the lab. Biology FMIPA-UNP. The study revealed that there is an ecological freferences the soil texture to the distribution of seeding of mangrove species. The seedling of Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriop tagal and Sonneratia alba was collected in areas with dusty clay soil texture. The seedling of Avicennia marina was collected on sandy loam soil and sand. The seedling of Bruguiera gymnorhyza only present on the clay sandy soil.

scholarly journals Delineation of Soil Texture Suitability Zones for Soybean Cultivation: A Case Study in Continental Croatia

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorijan Radočaj ◽  
Mladen Jurišić ◽  
Vladimir Zebec ◽  
Ivan Plaščak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Texture Classification ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Sample Method

Soil texture is a vital criterion in most cropland suitability analyses, so an accurate method for the delineation of soil texture suitability zones is necessary. In this study, an automated method was developed and evaluated for the delineation of these zones for soybean cultivation. A total of 255 soil samples were collected in the Continental biogeoregion of Croatia. Three methods for interpolation of clay, silt and sand soil content were evaluated using the split-sample method in five independent random repetitions. An automated algorithm for soil texture classification based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 12 classes was performed using Python script. Suitability classes for soybean cultivation per soil texture class were determined according to previous agronomic and soybean land suitability studies. Ordinary kriging produced the highest accuracy of tested interpolation methods for clay, silt and sand. Highly suitable soil texture classes for soybean cultivation, loam and clay loam, were detected in the northern part of the study area, covering 5.73% of the study area. The analysis of classification results per interpolation method indicated a necessity of the evaluation of interpolation methods as their performance depended on the normality and stationarity of input samples.

scholarly journals Soil texture can predominantly control organic matter mineralization in temperate climates by regulating soil moisture rather than through direct stabilization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haichao Li ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Orly Mendoza ◽  
Heleen Deroo ◽  
Geert Haesaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Soils

&lt;p&gt;Soil organic carbon (OC) levels generally increase with increasing clay and silt content under a similar climatic zone because of increased association of OC to clay minerals and stronger occlusion inside aggregates. Surprisingly though, in Western Europe many silt loam soils actually bear low topsoil OC levels compared to lighter textured soils. Soil texture obviously also strongly controls moisture availability with consequent indirect impact on heterotrophic activity. We hypothesized that with increasingly frequent summer drought: 1) soil microbial activity in sandy soils is more likely impeded due to their limited water holding capacity retention during droughts, while soil OC mineralization in silty soils remain be less drought-limited; 2) capillary rise from sufficiently shallow groundwater would, on the other hand, alleviate the water stress in lighter textures. To test these hypotheses, we established a one-year field trial with manipulation of soil texture, monitoring of soil moisture and maize-C decomposition via &lt;sup&gt;13/12&lt;/sup&gt;C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. The upper 0.5 m soil layer was replaced by sand, sandy loam and silt loam soil with low soil OC. Another sandy soil treatment with a gravel layer was also included beneath the sand layer to exclude capillary rise. Soil texture did not affect maize-C mineralization (C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt;-min) until April 2019 and thereafter C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt;-min rates were higher in the silt loam than in the sandy soils (P=0.01). &amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt; correlated positively with the C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt;-min rate for the sand-textured soils only but not for the finer textures. These results clearly highlight that soil texture controlled C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt;-min indirectly through regulating moisture under the field conditions starting from about May, when soils faced a period of drought. By the end of the experiment, more added C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt; was mineralized in the silt loam soil (81%) (P&lt;0.05) than in the sandy soil (56%). Capillary rise did not result in a significant increase in cumulative C&lt;sub&gt;maize&lt;/sub&gt;-min in the sandy soil, seemingly because the capillary fringe did not reach the sandy topsoil layer. These results imply that, under future climate scenarios the frequency of drought is expected to increase, the largely unimpeded microbial activity in silty soils might lead to a further stronger difference in soil OC with coarser textured soils under similar management.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Modeling impacts of faster productivity growth to inform the CGIAR initiative on Crops to End Hunger

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249994
Author(s):  
Keith Wiebe ◽  
Timothy B. Sulser ◽  
Shahnila Dunston ◽  
Mark W. Rosegrant ◽  
Keith Fuglie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
United States Department ◽  
The Impact

In 2017–2018, a group of international development funding agencies launched the Crops to End Hunger initiative to modernize public plant breeding in lower-income countries. To inform that initiative, USAID asked the International Food Policy Research Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service to estimate the impacts of faster productivity growth for 20 food crops on income and other indicators in 106 countries in developing regions in 2030. We first estimated the value of production in 2015 for each crop using data from FAO. We then used the IMPACT and GLOBE economic models to estimate changes in the value of production and changes in economy-wide income under scenarios of faster crop productivity growth, assuming that increased investment will raise annual rates of yield growth by 25% above baseline growth rates over the period 2015–2030. We found that faster productivity growth in rice, wheat and maize increased economy-wide income in the selected countries in 2030 by 59 billion USD, 27 billion USD and 21 billion USD respectively, followed by banana and yams with increases of 9 billion USD each. While these amounts represent small shares of total GDP, they are 2–15 times current public R&D spending on food crops in developing countries. Income increased most in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Faster productivity growth in rice and wheat reduced the population at risk of hunger by 11 million people and 6 million people respectively, followed by plantain and cassava with reductions of about 2 million people each. Changes in adequacy ratios were relatively large for carbohydrates (already in surplus) and relatively small for micronutrients. In general, we found that impacts of faster productivity growth vary widely across crops, regions and outcome indicators, highlighting the importance of identifying the potentially diverse objectives of different decision makers and recognizing possible tradeoffs between objectives.

scholarly journals Compatibility of granulometric groups determined based on standard BN-78/9180-11 and granulometric groups according to PTG 2008 and USDA texture classes

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Michał Stępień ◽  
Elżbieta Bodecka ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Magdalena Wijata ◽  
Joanna Groszyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Texture Classification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Texture Class

Abstract Two groups of soil texture classification, differing in limit diameters for particular soil fractions, are used in Poland. The older groups of classifications consider soil particles as < 1 mm and divide them into sand (1.0–0.1 mm), silt (0.1–0.02 mm) and fine or flowable particles (< 0.02 mm). These classifications are used, in a version which originated in 1956 and here denominated as PTG/Musierowicz 1956 in land quality assessment and elaboration of soil agricultural maps. Newer versions of these classifications – professional standard BN-78/9180-11 (1978) and division of soils in agronomic categories described in 1986 – are used in fertilizer recommendations and in agricultural drought monitoring. According to the new soil texture classification PTG 2008, the upper diameter limit for soil particles is 2 mm and these parts are divided into sand (2.0–0.05 mm), silt (0.05–0.002 mm) and clay (<0.002 mm). This classification is compatible with soil texture classification elaborated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and most frequently applied worldwide. In this paper, the results of analyses of 1087 soil samples representing almost all granulometric groups existing in older and newer Polish soil texture classifications were considered. On the base of the current and earlier studies, the table with probability of occurrence of granulometric group PTG 2008 or texture class USDA for particular granulometric groups BN-78/9180-11 was prepared. For majority of granulometric groups (pl, ps, psp, pgl, pgmp, gp, gpp, gl, glp, gc, gcp, ip, płi) determined on the base of BN-78/9180-11, it is possible to determine their granulometric group/texture class according to PTG 2008/USDA correctly and, frequently, unambiguously. For granulometric groups pglp, pgm, gs, gsp i and płg it is possible to propose with great probability more than one equivalent according to PTG 2008/USDA, and in other cases more studies are recommended.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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