scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Climatic Impacts of Photovoltaic Systems Operating High-Efficiency Irrigation Systems: A Case Study of the Government Subsidy Scheme for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Faakhar Raza ◽  
Muhammad Tamoor ◽  
Sajjad Miran
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents the results of a field study conducted in the Punjab, Pakistan, to evaluate the socio-economic and climatic impact of Photovoltaic (PV) systems installed under government subsidy scheme for operating high efficiency irrigation systems (HEIS) i.e., drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. Agriculture provides livelihood to almost half of the rural population and recent energy crisis in the country has adversely affected the rural communities. Farmer’s dependence on fossil fuels has significantly increased for operating irrigation systems which has resulted in high costs of agriculture production. Government of Punjab has launched a subsidy scheme to install PV systems for operating efficient drip and sprinkler irrigation systems on cost sharing basis. Photovoltaic systems having a capacity of 17.30 megawatt, were installed to operate high efficiency irrigation systems at around twenty thousand acres under this subsidy project, that has resulted in an annual saving of 0.0066 billion liters of diesel. The average capacity of installed PV systems was 9.0 kilowatt, which matched the 7.50 horse power of installed water pumps. On average, the cost of a PV system per acre was calculated to be 0.000142 billion PKR, while the cost per kWp was calculated to be 0.000149 billion PKR. The research results show that the installation of photovoltaic systems has increased the adoption rate of high-efficiency irrigation systems, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, and reduced the high operating costs associated with diesel powered pump systems. The primary data about on-farm agriculture and irrigation practices used in this study were collected through in-depth farmer surveys, while the secondary data information came from reports, official documents and statistics issued by the government.

scholarly journals Pricing and assembly rate decisions for a prefabricated construction supply chain under subsidy policies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261896
Author(s):  
Wen Jiang ◽  
Xian Qi
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Construction Enterprises ◽  
The Government ◽  
Assembly Rate

Prefabricated construction has attracted worldwide concern and promotion due to its environmental friendliness, high quality, and high efficiency. In China, the application of prefabricated construction still lags due to its high cost. To improve prefabricated construction development, the Chinese government and provinces have launched subsidy policies for different objects that offer subsidies to the assembler, the manufacturer, or consumers. Subsidy policies for different subsidy objects have different impacts on the manufacturer wholesale price and assembler retail price and assembly rate and make their decisions more complicated. Therefore, this study uses game theory and builds three models to analyze the effects of government subsidies on manufacturer pricing, assembler pricing, assembly rate decisions, and profit. We find that government subsidy policies can bring more profit to prefabricated construction enterprises, reduce their costs, and benefit the promotion of prefabricated construction. Through comparison and numerical analysis, we also find that when the government subsidizes enterprises more, it is better to subsidize the assembler, because it is good for all three parties. First, consumers can obtain a lower retail price. Second, enterprises can obtain more profits. Finally, for the government, this approach can increase the demand for prefabricated construction and increase the assembly rate, which is conducive to the promotion of prefabricated construction. When the government subsidizes customers more, it is better for the assembler and the manufacturer to subsidize customers, because they can obtain more profits. It is better for the government and customers to subsidize the assembler or the manufacture, because consumers can get the lower retail price. Although the assembly rate and enterprises’ profits are not optimal, they have also been improved. In addition, when the government directly subsidizes enterprises, the enterprises will actively cooperate with the subsidy policy and are more willing to adopt prefabricated construction. This approach will benefit the promotion of prefabricated construction.

scholarly journals China Railway Express Subsidy Model Based on Game Theory under “the Belt and Road” Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2083
Author(s):  
Fenling Feng ◽  
Tianzuo Zhang ◽  
Chengguang Liu ◽  
Lifeng Fan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Effort Level ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Ocean Shipping ◽  
China Railway ◽  
The Government

China Railway Express (CR Express) is an emerging freight transport mode between China and Europe, which provides a new option in addition to air transport and ocean shipping. At the initial stage of development, due to the higher freight costs compared to ocean shipping, the government subsidy provided for the China Railway Express operator plays an important role in the process of market cultivation. The original intention of the government subsidy was to promote the rapid and sustainable development of China Railway Express and the further subsidy scheme should encourage China Railway Express operators to act towards the expected goal of the local government. This research is devoted to modeling and solving the problem of optimal subsidy amount in the operation of China Railway Express. Firstly, a subsidy model is established with the consideration of different objectives of local government and China Railway Express operator, which are affected by the operational effort level of the China Railway Express operator, actual freight rate and the highest freight rate that the shipper is willing to pay. Then, the validity of the proposed model is analyzed in the case study of the China Railway Express line (Wuhan–Hamburg). The effects of different subsidy amounts on the social benefits of local government and profits of the China Railway Express operator are analyzed and the sensitivity analysis is carried on the operational effort level of China Railway Express operator and the highest freight rate that shipper is willing to pay. The analysis results show that the optimal subsidy amount is between 2000 and 2500 USD per Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit (FEU). Finally, suggestions are proposed according to the analysis results. These findings can provide useful references for promoting the sustainable development of China Railway Express.

scholarly journals Irrigation Scheduling under High Efficiency (Pressurized) Irrigation Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mumtaz Awan ◽  
Shehzad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ajaz
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Project Staff ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Pressurized Irrigation ◽  
Technical Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Operational Aspects

This is, indeed, highly gratifying to observe that high efficiency irrigation systems have established their worth with the farming community in Punjab and their acceptance is accelerating on day to day basis. The benefits of these HEISs have been experienced pragmatically by the beneficiaries and their interviews reveal that substantial savings in water, fertilizers, pesticides especially the weedicides, energy, and labor have been realized on most of the same. As a result extensive installation of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems under ( ) project in progress which, indeed, is helping in combating with the shortage of irrigation water in the country on one hand and is proving effective in bringing the yield levels of crops of the country at par with the world standards on the other. Their affectivity, however, largelydepends upon accurate scheduling of irrigation through the same and a definite rise in their efficiency may be accrued through proper monitoring of the schedules both with respect to their preparation as well as their implementation. Since HEISs are relatively a new intervention in Pakistan, there exists a dearth of relevant printed material regarding various operational aspects of the systems especially in relation topreparation of fertigation, irrigation and chemigation schedules. Perhaps, the most critical and the most wanted facet of these newly introduced systems is the preparation of proper irrigation schedules for various crops being grown in their command. In addition, the training of project staff and the users of the systems regarding these schedules covering their understanding and implementation in the field appears to be a missing link. A fair analysis of the factors leading to such gaps reflects that lack of technical material on the subject is the primary reasonThe effort made by PSC in the form of this manual is expected to serve the purpose in question. Solved examples of preparation of schedules for a number of crops have been added to give an in depth orientation to the reader. Through requisite review of this manual, it will not only be possible to check and monitor the irrigation schedules supplied on some of the sites by the SSCs for their authenticity and accuracy but it will also enable the project staff especial ly the HEIS teams to prepare and provide the same at the farms/sites without these schedules on instant basis.

scholarly journals DESIGN AND OPERATIONS MANUAL PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS VOLUME I

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehzad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ajaz
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Unit Design ◽  
Pressurized Irrigation ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Selection Of

This manual covers the technical design and operational aspects of high efficiency (pressurized) irrigation system in a brief and comprehensive way. The first volume covers a detail discussion of pressurized irrigation systems including their classifications, selection criteria and components followed by basics of design. Design proforma for design of drip and sprinkler irrigation system has been discussed in detail covering the procedure for collection of necessary field data required for proper system design. Hydraulic principles have also been covered in detail for proper selection of pipe network and pumping unit. Design procedure has been elaborated with solved examples. Second volume of this manual covers the operational part of pressurized irrigation systems, which includes general maintenance and tips for durability and sustainability of high efficiency irrigation system equipments. It also covers the vigilance and checking during system operation, care after completing a crop season, care of prime movers, systemre-adjustments, clogging and its remedies, chemigation including acid treatment and chlorination, maintenance tips of water storage tanks, general trouble shooting and remedies. A list of tables and diagrams is also provided for the ease of users. This manual will provide a general guideline to project technical staff and contractors for proper design and smooth field operations of high efficiency irrigation system sites and it will also be helpful for effective post installation services and getting the desired results from high efficiency irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Effect of government subsidies on supply chain decision-making and coordination in the context of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuyong Qian ◽  
Sen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Effort Level ◽  
Welfare Level ◽  
Coordination Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Considering the two-stage supply chain composed of a leading retailer and a manufacturer under the background of the COVID-19 epidemic, the retailer determines the anti-epidemic effort level and bears the corresponding costs, and the manufacturer determines the cost-sharing rate under the coordination strategy. This paper analyses the pricing decision, anti-epidemic effort level and cost-sharing rate of supply chain under different government subsidy measures and coordination strategies. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the applicability of the conclusion and the model. From the perspective of Stackelberg game, we find that under the background of the epidemic, government subsidy measures, coordination strategies and increasing marginal income of anti-epidemic efforts are conducive to higher anti-epidemic efforts and social welfare level. And the government can obtain the maximum anti-epidemic efforts and social welfare level by subsidising manufacturers with cost sharing.

scholarly journals DESIGN AND OPERATIONS MANUAL PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS VOLUME II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehzad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ajaz
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Unit Design ◽  
Pressurized Irrigation ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Selection Of

This manual covers the technical design and operational aspects of high efficiency (pressurized) irrigation system in a brief and comprehensive way. Second volume of this manual covers the operational part of pressurized irrigation systems, which includes general maintenance and tips for durability and sustainability of high efficiency irrigation system equipments. It also covers the vigilance and checking during system operation, care after completing a crop season, care of prime movers, system re-adjustments, clogging and its remedies, chemigation including acid treatment and chlorination, maintenance tips of water storage tanks, general trouble shooting and remedies. A list of tables and diagrams is also provided for the ease of users. This manual will provide a general guideline to project technical staff and contractors for proper design and smooth field operations of high efficiency irrigation system sites and it will also be helpful for effective post installation services and getting the desired results from high efficiency irrigation systems. The first volume covers a detail discussion of pressurized irrigation systems including their classifications, selection criteria and components followed by basics of design. Design proforma for design of drip and sprinkler irrigation system has been discussed in detail covering the procedure for collection of necessary field data required for proper system design. Hydraulic principles have also been covered in detail for proper selection of pipe network and pumping unit. Design procedure has been elaborated with solved examples.

scholarly journals The Optimal Green Product Design with Cost Constraint and Sustainable Policies for the Manufacturer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Linghong Zhang ◽  
Hao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
Green Product ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Green Product Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimal Quality

In this paper, we study how the manufacturer balances the investment between the green product and the ordinary product as consumer environmental awareness (CEA) increases. The green product and ordinary product have a basic commonality traditional quality but difference between the premium environmental quality and premium traditional quality. With the cost constraint, we present manufacturer’s optimal strategy: producing one product or two products and the optimal traditional quality of the ordinary product or the optimal environmental quality of the green product. Then, we further study the effect of government subsidy and tax on manufacturer’s strategies and analyze the effectiveness of the policies. Finally, we give some numerical examples and sensitivity analysis. The main findings are as follows: (1) manufacturer’s cost constraint affects product’s optimal quality but may not influence manufacturer’s optimal product strategy: the manufacturer may not produce two products even through the budget is sufficient large; (2) the government policy could induce the manufacturer to invest green product but may be inefficient; the subsidy and tax policies are mutual exclusion; and either subsidy or tax could play a role in changing manufacturer’s strategy. Some management insights are given.

scholarly journals Influence of sprinkler operational parameters on the cost of conventional sprinkler irrigation systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Luís Rodrigues Tambo ◽  
Fábio Ponciano de Deus ◽  
Luiz Antonio Lima ◽  
Michael Silveira Thebaldi
Keyword(s):  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
The Cost

Reduction of the Low Voltage Substation Constraints by Inserting Photovoltaic Systems in Underserved Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Benbouza Naima ◽  
Benfarhi Louiza ◽  
Azoui Boubekeur
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Transformer Substation ◽  
Load Pattern

Background: The improvement of the voltage in power lines and the respect of the low voltage distribution transformer substations constraints (Transformer utilization rate and Voltage drop) are possible by several means: reinforcement of conductor sections, installation of new MV / LV substations (Medium Voltage (MV), Low Voltage (LV)), etc. Methods: Connection of mini-photovoltaic systems (PV) to the network, or to consumers in underserved areas, is a well-adopted solution to solve the problem of voltage drop and lighten the substation transformer, and at the same time provide clean electrical energy. PV systems can therefore contribute to this solution since they produce energy at the deficit site. Results: This paper presents the improvement of transformer substation constraints, supplying an end of low voltage electrical line, by inserting photovoltaic systems at underserved subscribers. Conclusion: This study is applied to a typical load pattern, specified to the consumers region.

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