scholarly journals Determination of Quality Properties of Low-Grade Biodiesel and Its Heating Oil Blends

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleopatra Poyadji ◽  
Marinos Stylianou ◽  
Agapios Agapiou ◽  
Christos Kallis ◽  
Nikolaos Kokkinos
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Heating Oil

This research work examined how biodiesel produced from frying oils affects the physicochemical properties of its mixtures with conventional heating oil. Through the characterization of biodiesel blends and heating oil, the purpose is to produce an improved heating oil that will meet the specifications of the existing legislation for heating oil, while positively contributing to reducing the production of pollutants. The percentage of biodiesel added to a conventional diesel fuel contributes to the reduction of the pollutants produced during combustion. The examined biodiesel is considered the residual product, which was produced at a factory in Cyprus, and was deemed unsuitable for export, because it does not meet the legal requirements. Using specific volumes of these mixtures, twelve parameters were determined in order to investigate the effect of the mixtures: kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, micro carbon residue (MCR), distillation curves, density, cloud point (CP), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content, heat of combustion, iodine value (IV), cetane index (CI) after distillation, oxidation stability, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). A number of fuel properties including the kinematic viscosity, MCR, distillation temperature—up to 80% distillate—and density showed an increase as the percentage of FAMEs raised from 2.5 to 50%, while others showed a mixed behavior (e.g., IV, CP, CI, CFPP), and the rest an inverse trend (e.g., sulfur content, heat of combustion and oxidation stability). An efficient potential utilization of a residual domestic product is proposed, while the pollutants that accumulate on the urban atmospheres during the winter months, due to increased heating needs of homes and other public or private buildings, will be significantly reduced.

Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization (ODS) of Commercial Diesel with TBHP under Mild Conditions Catalyzed by Polymolybdates Supported on Al2O3

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
Wan Nazwanie Wan Abdullah ◽  
Rusmidah Ali ◽  
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide

Due to the low specifications for sulfur content in diesel, a lot of research work are been conducted to develop alternative method for desulfurization. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (Cat-ODS) has been found to be an alternative method to replace a conventional method which is hydrodesulfurization.New catalyst formulation using tert-butyl hydroperoxide polymolybdate based catalyst system was investigated in this research utilizing tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant and dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent for extraction. A series of polymolybdate supported alumina catalysts were prepared using wet impregnation method, ageing at ambient room temperature for 24 hours and followed by calcination process. A commercial diesel with 440 ppmw of total sulfur was employed to evaluate the elimination of sulfur compounds. Besides, the percentage of sulfur removal was measured by gas chromatography-flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). The sulfur content in commercial diesel was successfully reduced from 440 ppmw to 35 ppmw under mild condition followed by solvent extraction. From catalytic testing, Mo-Al2O3 calcined at 500°C was revealed as the most potential catalyst which gave 92% of sulfur removal.

Sulfur Content Reduction and Iron Grade Improvement of V-Ti Magnetite Concentrate by Combining Reverse Flotation and Magnetic Separation

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1115-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiu Shuai Deng ◽  
Shu Ming Wen ◽  
Shao Jun Bai ◽  
Mei Fang Xie ◽  
Hai Ying Shen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Reverse Flotation ◽  
Magnetic Intensity ◽  
Magnetite Concentrate ◽  
Iron Grade

For low-grade iron ore, smelting costs and resource wastage will be increased. Product quality of such ore is affected adversely by an excessive amount of sulfur. This also causes environmental pollution. In accordance with the vanadium-titanium (V-Ti) magnetite concentrate properties with low iron grade and high sulfur content, the joint process of magnetic separation and flotation was carried out. Magnetic separation was conducted to increase the iron grade, while reverse flotation was used to reduce sulfur content. Results show that the feeding mainly contains titanomagnetite, hematite, and pyrite. The sulfur was primarily found in pyrite. The separation effect was influenced by the grinding fineness, magnetic intensity, collector type and dosage, and pH value. At a grinding fineness of −45 μm accounting for 87%, most of the iron minerals exhibited monomer dissociation. An open-circuit experiment was carried out under the best conditions of magnetic intensity, as well as collector and modifier dosage. Good experimental results were obtained as follows: the iron grade increased to 57.17%, iron recovery was 89.94%, sulfur content decreased from 0.66% to 0.26%, reverse flotation of sulfur foam concentrate contained almost 15.68% sulfur, the upgrade ratio was about 23, and the cobalt in the sulfur concentrate was enriched 20-fold. A method for improving the comprehensive utilization level and effect of mineral resources is provided in this study.

Evaluation of the tribological properties and oxidative stability of epoxidized and ring opened products of pure rice bran oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012095053
Author(s):  
Ananthan D Thampi ◽  
Abhishek R John ◽  
M Muhammed Arif ◽  
S Rani
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Four Levels

Vegetable oils constitute a potential base stock for bio-lubricants, which has good biodegradability, high flash point, high viscosity index and excellent boundary lubrication properties. They also possess some limitations like low thermal and oxidation stability, poor low temperature properties and narrow range of viscosities. These limitations can be altered by modifying the vegetable oils chemically or by providing additives into the oils. This research work focused on the chemical modification of pure rice bran oil by epoxidation process using 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid. The epoxidized rice bran oil was then subjected to ring opening process using butanoic acid. The epoxidation process was optimized with four factors (Temperature, Time, Weight % of Catalyst, Hydrogen Peroxide molar ratio), each factors having four levels. The lubricant properties of pure rice bran oil (RBO), epoxidized rice bran oil (ERBO) and ring opened rice bran oil (RRBO) were studied. It was noted that the lubricant properties of ERBO and RRBO were better compared to pure RBO.

scholarly journals Isomerization of n-C5/C6 Bioparaffins to Gasoline Components with High Octane Number

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenő Hancsók ◽  
Tamás Kasza ◽  
Olivér Visnyei
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Boiling Range ◽  
Alternative Feedstocks ◽  
By Products

The thermal and catalytic conversion processes of alternative feedstocks (e.g., waste and biomass) to different engine fuels can result in the formation of a significant amount of light hydrocarbons as by-products in the boiling range of gasoline. The properties of these C5/C6 hydrocarbons need to be improved due to many reasons, e.g., their benzene content, and/or poor oxidation stability (high olefin content) and low octane number (<60). The aim of the research work was to increase the octane number of benzene containing C5/C6 bioparaffin fractions by catalytic isomerization. These by-products were obtained from special hydrocracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons in the boiling range of aviation turbine fuels (JET fuels)/diesel fuels. Experiments were carried out in a reactor system containing down-flow tubular reactors over Pt/Al2O3/Cl and Pt/H-Mordenite/Al2O3 catalysts at 115–145 °C and 230–270 °C, respectively. Based on the results obtained at different process parameter combinations, it was concluded that the hydrogenation of benzene was complete over both catalysts, and the liquid yields were higher (ca. 98% > ca. 93 %) in the case of Pt/Al2O3/Cl. In addition, the octane number was also enhanced (ca. 32 > ca. 27 unit) in the products compared to the feedstock. This was because a higher isoparaffin content can be obtained at a lower operating temperature. Moreover, cracking side reactions take place to a lesser extent. The utilization of these isomerized bio-origin light fractions can contribute to the competitiveness of second-generation biofuels.

scholarly journals Clinicohistopathological study of astrocytomas along with Ki-67 proliferative index

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basumitra Das ◽  
Kurimella Vamsya Raj ◽  
Bhagyalakshmi Atla
Keyword(s):  
Histological Grade ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Proliferative Index ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Biologic Marker ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grade Iii

Background: Astrocytomas form the largest group of gliomas (>75%) and diffusely infiltrating    accounting for more than 60% of all the primary brain tumors. The ki67 proliferative index is a potent biologic marker that estimates the growth of neoplasms quantitatively and thus will aid in identifying the prognosis for patients with neoplasms.  The aim of the research work was to study various histopathological and clinical features of Astrocytomas in detail, to evaluate Ki-67 proliferative index in patients of Astrocytomas and to compare the results of Immunohistochemistry with histological grade of Astrocytomas.Methods: A   total   number   of    40 cases of   Astrocytomas were included in the study.  Ki-67 immunostaining was done on all cases and compared with WHO histological grading of astrocytomas.Results: The mean Ki‑67 LI in Grade I astrocytomas was 4.66, range 4-5 ,  in Grade II astrocytomas mean was 8.07, range 5-12 ,in Grade III astrocytomas mean was 13.5 , range 8-20,  in Grade IV astrocytomas mean was 22.93, range 15-50. There was a highly significant correlation between the histopathological grade of astrocytomas and Ki-67 LI (p<0.05).Conclusions: The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 has proven its prognostic and diagnostic power in astrocytic tumors. Ki-67 LI is the simplest and the most reliable method for evaluating cell proliferation. Ki-67 LI increased with histological grade and the difference between low grade (I and II astrocytomas) and high grade (grade III and IV) is significant. In the present study Ki-67 LI is not dependent on factors like age and sex and is solely dependent on histological grade.

scholarly journals Chezy’s resistance coefficient in an egg-shaped conduit

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Imed Loukam ◽  
Bachir Achour ◽  
Lakhdar Djemili
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Rough Model ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Explicit Relation ◽  
Problem Data

Abstract When calculating uniform flows in open conduits and channels, Chezy’s resistance coefficient is not a problem data and its value is arbitrarily chosen. Such major disadvantage is met in all the geometric profiles of conduits and channels. Knowing the value of this coefficient is essential to both the design of the channel and normal depth calculation. The main objective of our research work is to focus upon the identification of the resistance coefficient relationship. On the basis of the rough model method (RMM) for the calculation of conduits and channels, a general explicit relation of the resistance coefficient in turbulent flow is established with different geometric profiles, particularly the egg-shaped conduit. Chezy’s resistance coefficient depends strongly on the filling rate, the discharge, the longitudinal slope, the absolute roughness of the internal walls of the conduit and the kinematic viscosity of the liquid. Moreover, in this work, a simplified method is presented to determine Chezy’s resistance coefficient with a limited number of data, namely the discharge, the slope of the conduit, the absolute roughness and the kinematic viscosity. Last but not least, after studying the variation of Chezy’s resistance coefficient as a function of the filling rate, an equally explicit expression is given for the easy calculation of this coefficient when its maximum value is reached. Examples of calculation are suggested in order to show how the Chezy’s coefficient can be calculated in the egg-shaped conduit.

scholarly journals Experimental investigations on mixing of candle nut and soap nut biodiesels blended with diesel for diesel engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
G. Jayaseelan ◽  
A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
High Acid ◽  
Alternate Fuel

Candle nut oil was produced from candle nut seeds by the process of crushing and filtering. The candle nut biodiesel was prepared by two-step co-solvent esterification process and is found to be a one of the best alternate fuel for running the diesel engine. The oxidation stability of the candle nut biodiesel was found to be poor and this leads to high acid value and inception of insoluble gums and dregs or scum that can block the fuel filters. Soap nut oil was extracted from soap nut seeds by the process of crushing and filtering. The soap nut biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process and has higher oxidation stability compared to candle nut biodiesel. Similarly, the cold filter plugging point of candle nut biodiesel is good compared to soap nut biodiesel and it depends upon the amount of saturated fat. Hence the mixing of soap nut biodiesel and candle nut biodiesel will increase the properties for the smooth run of engine with fewer emissions compared to diesel. In this work, engine performances and exhaust contents are evaluated for various blends of mixed soap nut biodiesel and Candle nut biodiesel.

scholarly journals Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as a Fuel from Waste Materials

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Zeman ◽  
Vladimír Hönig ◽  
Martin Kotek ◽  
Jan Táborský ◽  
Michal Obergruber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Cold Starts

Biofuels have become an integral part of everyday life in modern society. Bioethanol and fatty acid methyl esters are a common part of both the production of gasoline and diesel fuels. Also, pressure on replacing fossil fuels with bio-components is constantly growing. Waste vegetable fats can replace biodiesel. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) seems to be a better alternative. This fuel has a higher oxidation stability for storage purposes, a lower temperature of loss of filterability for the winter time, a lower boiling point for cold starts, and more. Viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point of fuel blend, and flash point have been measured to confirm that a fuel from HVO is so close to a fuel standard that it is possible to use it in engines without modification. The objective of this article is to show the properties of different fuels with and without HVO admixtures and to prove the suitability of using HVO compared to FAME. HVO can also be prepared from waste materials, and no major modifications of existing refinery facilities are required. No technology in either investment or engine adaptation of fuel oils is needed in fuel processing.

Biofertilizer effect of free living nitrogen fixing bacterium on the growth and water quality properties of Penaeid prawn culture system

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (05) ◽  
pp. 5369
Author(s):  
Venkata Kesava Raju* ◽  
Sreeramulu K.
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Liquid Suspension

The role of phytoplankton is significant in improving the yield of prawn culture. The growth of phytoplankton will be effected various factors viz. dissolved oxygen, production of natural food to shrimp larvae in control of ammonia. The growth of phytoplankton can be enhanced by application of nitrogeneous fertilizers to improve water quality and growth performance of Penaeus indicus. The present research work is focussed on a free-living nitrogen fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum supplemented by nitrogeneous fertilizers to increase the content of proteins, carbohydrates and wet weight of P. indicus. Ten animals of juveniles of P. indicus were collected and grown in controlled conditions for fifteen days. The liquid suspension of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria A. chroococcum has been inoculated for experimental treatment purpose. The inoculum has been introduced to four treatments and for findings of water quality analysis andphytoplankton growth analysis by Strickland and Parsons method and biochemical analysis by Raymont et al., method. The research findings revealed that A. chroococcum supplemented with fertilizers will affect the growth of phytoplankton which is vital in prawn culture and enhance the growth of hormones and dry weight for improvement of the yield.

Analytical Study of Affecting Gasoline Quality Properties on Environment and Its Conformity with Specifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2A) ◽  
pp. 306-315
Author(s):  
Dhuha K. Ismayyir ◽  
Lamyaa M. Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Statistical Quality Control ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Quality Control Tool ◽  
European Standards

Gasoline is an important fuel in human life, but it is also responsible for deteriorating Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) through fugitive and exhaust emissions. In this study, chemical properties (Sulfur and Lead content) of gasoline production at Al-Daura refinery were verify based on a statistical quality control tool. Gasoline samples were examined in January/2011 and compared with samples examined in January/2019. In this study, it was concluded that the average production process and process variability for Sulfur content and added Lead value are stable. In January/2011 Sulfur content conforms to Iraqi and European standard specifications, but Lead value doesn’t conform to Iraqi standards, where internationally the use of lead to enhance engine performance has been banned since the 1970s of a century ago because it’s large dangerous on the environment. In January/2019 Sulfur content conforms to Iraqi standards but doesn’t conform to European standards specifications. The addition of lead to gasoline is stopped in 2016; imported gasoline was used by blend it with produced gasoline at al Daura refinery to raise its quality. Gasoline quality properties must be improved and tighten up according to international standards to save our environment.

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