scholarly journals A New Testing Facility to Investigate the Removal Processes of Indoor Air Contaminants with Different Cleaning Technologies and to Better Assess and Exploit Their Performances

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Piero Ciccioli ◽  
Emanuele Pallozzi ◽  
Ettore Guerriero ◽  
Maria Adelaide Iannelli ◽  
Enrica Donati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Air Contaminants ◽  
Air Cleaners ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Removal Technologies ◽  
The One

Residential air cleaners exploiting different technologies re commonly used today to remove air contaminants from indoor environments. Different methods have been developed in the USA and Europe to test their efficiency. The one used in the USA provides a more comprehensive view of indoor processes, because testing is performed in a large simulation chamber (28.5 m3), using anthropogenic emissions, such as cigarette smoke, to generate pollution. Testing rooms are also important to investigate new removal technologies, or to improve them. Since no such testing facilities exist in Italy, one of 12.4 m3 was built in which cigarette smoke, resuspended dust from agricultural soil and, for the first time, diesel exhaust emissions were used to generate indoor pollution. Performances were tested with two air cleaning systems, exploiting completely different removal technologies. Accurate values of decay rates of indoor pollutants were obtained using a suite of on-line and out-of-line monitors for the measurement of particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some inorganic gases. Proton-transfer mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) provided an almost real-time detection of several VOCs and H2S, at trace levels (0.01 ppbv). A method using a common in vitro bioassay was developed to assess the ability of air cleaners to remove indoor toxic substances.

The influence of cigarette smoke on colour stability and friction property of aesthetic orthodontic wires—In vitro study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-560
Author(s):  
Flávio Mendonça Copello ◽  
Lincoln Issamu Nojima ◽  
Margareth Maria Gomes Souza ◽  
Matheus Melo Pithon ◽  
Antônio Carlos Oliveira Ruellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Colour Stability ◽  
Friction Property ◽  
Orthodontic Wires

scholarly journals Structural comparison of CD163 SRCR5 from different species sheds some light on its involvement in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfang Ma ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Longguang Jiang ◽  
Songlin Qiao ◽  
Xin-xin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious disease burdening global swine industry. Infection by its etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), shows a highly restricted tropism of host cells and has been demonstrated to be mediated by an essential scavenger receptor (SR) CD163. CD163 fifth SR cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is further proven to play a crucial role during viral infection. Despite intense research, the involvement of CD163 SRCR5 in PRRSV infection remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we prepared recombinant monkey CD163 (moCD163) SRCR5 and human CD163-like homolog (hCD163L1) SRCR8, and determined their crystal structures. After comparison with the previously reported crystal structure of porcine CD163 (pCD163) SRCR5, these structures showed almost identical structural folds but significantly different surface electrostatic potentials. Based on these differences, we carried out mutational research to identify that the charged residue at position 534 in association with the one at position 561 were important for PRRSV-2 infection in vitro. Altogether the current work sheds some light on CD163-mediated PRRSV-2 infection and deepens our understanding of the viral pathogenesis, which will provide clues for prevention and control of PRRS.

scholarly journals Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of the Primary Stability in D3 Synthetic Bone of Two Different Shapes and Pitches of the Implant Threads

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5612
Author(s):  
Stefano Fanali ◽  
Margherita Tumedei ◽  
Pamela Pignatelli ◽  
Alessandra Lucchese ◽  
Francesco Inchingolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Primary Stability ◽  
Implant Design ◽  
Insertion Torque ◽  
Synthetic Bone ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Prosthetic Joint ◽  
Joint Connection ◽  
The One

Background: Implant primary stability can be affected by several factors related to implant macrogeometry, local anatomy, and surgical techniques. The aim of this research was to study primary stability on polyurethane foam sheets of wide-threaded implant design compared to narrow-threaded implants. Materials and methods: Two different implant designs were positioned on D3 density polyurethane blocks in a standardized environment: the wide-threaded implant and the narrow-threaded implant, for a total of 160 specimens. Moreover, for each group, two different sizes were considered: 3.8mm × 12mm and 4.8mm × 12 mm. The insertion torque (IT) values, the removal strength (RT), and the Periotest analyses were evaluated. Results: A significantly higher IT and RT was reported for wide-threaded implants and two-stage implants (p < 0.01), compared to the narrow-threaded implants. The diameters seemed to provide a significant effect on the primary stability for both implants’ geometry (p < 0.01). A higher mean of the one-stage implant was evident in the Periotest measurements (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Both of the implants showed sufficient stability in polyurethane artificial simulation, while the wide-threaded implant design showed a higher primary stability on alveolar cancellous synthetic bone in vitro. Additionally, the prosthetic joint connection seemed to have a determinant effect on Periotest analysis, and the one-stage implants seemed to provide a high stability of the fixture when positioned in the osteotomy, which could be important for the immediate loading protocol.

scholarly journals Efficient Cryopreservation of Populus tremula by In Vitro-Grown Axillary Buds and Genetic Stability of Recovered Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Elena O. Vidyagina ◽  
Nikolay N. Kharchenko ◽  
Konstantin A. Shestibratov
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One

Axillary buds of in vitro microshoots were successfully frozen at –196 °C by the one-step freezing method using the protective vitrification solution 2 (PVS2). Microshoots were taken from 11 transgenic lines and three wild type lines. Influence of different explant pretreatments were analyzed from the point of their influence towards recovery after cryopreservation. It was found out that the use of axillary buds as explants after removal of the apical one increases recovery on average by 8%. The cultivation on growth medium of higher density insignificantly raises the regenerants survival rate. Pretreatment of the osmotic fluid (OF) shows the greatest influence on the survival rate. It leads to the increase in survival rate by 20%. The cryopreservation technology providing regenerants average survival rate of 83% was developed. It was based on the experimental results obtained with explant pretreatment. Incubation time in liquid nitrogen did not affect the explants survival rate after thawing. After six months cryostorage of samples their genetic variability was analyzed. Six variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were used to analyze genotype variability after the freezing-thawing procedure. The microsatellite analysis showed the genetic status identity of plants after cryopreservation and of the original genotypes. The presence of the recombinant gene in the transgenic lines after cryostorage were confirmed so as the interclonal variation in the growth rate under greenhouse conditions. The developed technique is recommended for long-term storage of various breeding and genetically modified lines of aspen plants, as it provides a high percentage of explants survival with no changes in genotype.

scholarly journals A “Smart” Biosensor-Enabled Intravascular Catheter and Platform for Dynamic Delivery of Propofol to “Close the Loop” for Total Intravenous Anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 370-377
Author(s):  
Edward Chaum ◽  
Ernő Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Drug Infusion ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Automated Delivery

ABSTRACT Background Target-controlled infusion anesthesia is used worldwide to provide user-defined, stable, blood concentrations of propofol for sedation and anesthesia. The drug infusion is controlled by a microprocessor that uses population-based pharmacokinetic data and patient biometrics to estimate the required infusion rate to replace losses from the blood compartment due to drug distribution and metabolism. The objective of the research was to develop and validate a method to detect and quantify propofol levels in the blood, to improve the safety of propofol use, and to demonstrate a pathway for regulatory approval for its use in the USA. Methods We conceptualized and prototyped a novel “smart” biosensor-enabled intravenous catheter capable of quantifying propofol at physiologic levels in the blood, in real time. The clinical embodiment of the platform is comprised of a “smart” biosensor-enabled catheter prototype, a signal generation/detection readout display, and a driving electronics software. The biosensor was validated in vitro using a variety of electrochemical methods in both static and flow systems with biofluids, including blood. Results We present data demonstrating the experimental detection and quantification of propofol at sub-micromolar concentrations using this biosensor and method. Detection of the drug is rapid and stable with negligible biofouling due to the sensor coating. It shows a linear correlation with mass spectroscopy methods. An intuitive graphical user interface was developed to: (1) detect and quantify the propofol sensor signal, (2) determine the difference between targeted and actual propofol concentration, (3) communicate the variance in real time, and (4) use the output of the controller to drive drug delivery from an in-line syringe pump. The automated delivery and maintenance of propofol levels was demonstrated in a modeled benchtop “patient” applying the known pharmacokinetics of the drug using published algorithms. Conclusions We present a proof-of-concept and in vitro validation of accurate electrochemical quantification of propofol directly from the blood and the design and prototyping of a “smart,” indwelling, biosensor-enabled catheter and demonstrate feedback hardware and software architecture permitting accurate measurement of propofol in blood in real time. The controller platform is shown to permit autonomous, “closed-loop” delivery of the drug and maintenance of user-defined propofol levels in a dynamic flow model.

Pirfenidone mediates cigarette smoke extract induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 107593
Author(s):  
Yiming Ma ◽  
Lijuan Luo ◽  
Xiangming Liu ◽  
Herui Li ◽  
Zihang Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Extract ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Reflections on FDA and WHO recommendations concerning clinical trials

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Dreyfus ◽  
D. Cremniter ◽  
J.D. Guelfi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryWe are still confronted by numerous different nosographic models and problems concerning the objective evaluation of patients progress during treatment. It is interesting to consider the consequences of this situation in psychiatry which still involves a relative diversity of practical methods used in clinical trials. The recommendations of the USA Food and Drug Administration, on the one hand, constitute a highly structured and precise reference. The World Health Organization, on the other hand, promulgates general recommendations resulting from a compromise designed to satisfy the greatest number of clinicians.Despite the apparently diverse principles and the different practical methods they propose, both those sets of recommendations have been useful in inspiring clinicians to reflect upon these different methodological approaches. The qualities of the inclusion criteria used in the study of patients and the sensitivity of the different measuring instruments have allowed psychotropic drug users as well as producers to recognize the need for a certain rigour in clinical trials.The FDA and WHO guidelines have certainly improved the quality of clinical trials in psychopharmacology. However, they also represent a source of resistance to innovation.A series of consensus meetings to first reconcile US and European points of view and later to include new techniques in the recognized sets of methods would therefore be helpful.

scholarly journals State of the art on lung organoids in mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Archer ◽  
Alexandra Bobet-Erny ◽  
Maryline Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
One Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Cancer Genetic ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
The One ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe number and severity of diseases affecting lung development and adult respiratory function have stimulated great interest in developing new in vitro models to study lung in different species. Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have led to new physiological in vitro models that better mimic the lung than conventional 2D cultures. Lung organoids simulate multiple aspects of the real organ, making them promising and useful models for studying organ development, function and disease (infection, cancer, genetic disease). Due to their dynamics in culture, they can serve as a sustainable source of functional cells (biobanking) and be manipulated genetically. Given the differences between species regarding developmental kinetics, the maturation of the lung at birth, the distribution of the different cell populations along the respiratory tract and species barriers for infectious diseases, there is a need for species-specific lung models capable of mimicking mammal lungs as they are of great interest for animal health and production, following the One Health approach. This paper reviews the latest developments in the growing field of lung organoids.

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