scholarly journals Comparative Analysis Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics of Astringent Seeds of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) during Astringent Compounds Accumulation Stages

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1206
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Yihan Wu ◽  
Chao Wu ◽  
Sizu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Developmental Physiology ◽  
Occurrence Mechanism ◽  
Germinable Seed

Research Highlights: The present study firstly reported the metabolic dynamics of astringent seed, a special type of abortion in Chinese fir, during the astringent material stages. The results provide a reference for further study on its occurrence mechanism and enrich the understanding of the plant seed developmental physiology. Background and Objectives: Astringent seed is a type of abortive phenomenon in Chinese fir, which significantly reduces the yield and quality of elite seeds for its high-incidence and indistinguishableness in seed orchard. Embryo defects can be observed in the astringent seed, accompanied with rapid accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, types of those metabolites in astringent seed, dynamic changes during seed growth process, and different accumulative characteristics compared to germinable seed have not been explained. Materials and Methods: Astringent and germinable seed samples were collected at four stages aim to determine the differences in their metabolic patterns. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection was used to generate the raw metabolic peaks. Bioinformatics statistical strategies were used to further investigation. Results: A total of 421 metabolites were screened and 112 metabolites were identified as the different expressive metabolites including 68 up-regulated and 44 down-regulated metabolites. Those different expressive metabolites were grouped into 26 classes. Flavone, flavonol, and amino acid derivatives compounds were the most varied metabolites. Four subcategories which could represent the diverse basic expressive patterns or accumulative activity in different sample groups were further clustered. Moreover, pathways related to biosynthesis/degradation/metabolism of flavonoid-like compounds, amino acid/nucleotides derivatives, zeatin, and IAA were clearly enriched. Conclusions: Significant metabolic differences were observed across and between astringent and germinable seeds 105 d after pollination. Massive accumulation of flavonoids-like compounds, significant reduction of amino acids/nucleotides and their derivatives, and the abnormal expression of phytohormones, lipids and other secondary metabolites are the main metabolic characteristics in astringent seeds.

scholarly journals Effects of Broiler Genetic Strain and Dietary Amino Acid Reduction on Meat Yield and Quality (Part II)

2021 ◽  
pp. 101033
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
M. Wes Schilling ◽  
Xiaofei Li ◽  
George T. Tabler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Genetic Strain ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Reduction

scholarly journals Continuous Lighting and High Daily Light Integral Enhance Yield and Quality of Mass-Produced Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) in Plant Factories

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Wenshuo Xu ◽  
Na Lu ◽  
Masao Kikuchi ◽  
Michiko Takagaki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tropaeolum Majus

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.), as a medicinal plant, has a high phenolic content in its leaves and flowers. It is often used in salads as a dietary vegetable. Attracting strong demand, it could be a good candidate crop for a plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) that can achieve the mass production of high-quality crops with high productivity by regulating environmental conditions such as light. In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of continuous lighting (CL) and different daily light integrals (DLIs) under CL on the growth, secondary metabolites, and light use efficiency (LUE) of nasturtium, all of which are essential in the successful cultivation in PFALs. In Experiment 1, two lighting models, the same DLI of 17.3 mol m-2 d-1 but different light periods (24 and 16 h) with different light intensities (200 and 300 µmol m−2 s−1, respectively), were applied to nasturtium. The results showed that leaf production, secondary metabolites, and LUE were higher under the 24-h CL treatment than under the 16-h non-CL treatment. In Experiment 2, three DLI levels (17.3, 25.9, and 34.6 mol m-2 d-1) under the CL condition were applied. The results showed that the growth parameters were positively correlated with the DLI levels under CL. The lowest DLI had the highest LUE. We conclude that the mass production of nasturtium under CL in PFALs is feasible, and the yield increases as DLI increases from 17.3 to 34.6 mol m-2 d-1 under CL without causing physiological stress on plants.

scholarly journals Plant spacing and pollen quantity on yield and quality of squash seeds

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio S. de Lima ◽  
Antonio I. I. Cardoso ◽  
Marcelo F. Verdial
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Pollen Quantity

Squash seeds yield and quality can be improved by proper population plant spacing and the pollen quantity, which influences the pollination quality and fertilization. Nine experiments were conducted as a factorial combination of three spacing between plants (0.8 x 0.3, 0.8 x 0.6 and 0.8 x 0.9 m), two quantities of pollen (50% of an anther and another entire one) and natural insect pollination. Seed and fruit production parameters, and seed quality were evaluated. A randomized complete block design, five replications, with ten plants per plot was adopted. Larger plant spacing increased the average number of mature fruits and seed yield per plant. Seed yield was directly proportional to the amount of pollen used during pollination. Higher amounts of pollen resulted in higher seed yield per area, but the plant spacing did not affect this characteristic. Manual pollination, using a whole anther, did not differ from natural pollination in relation to seed yield and quality.

scholarly journals Studies on the Pollination Characteristics and Pollination Level of Chinese fir Seed Orchard

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zhuowen
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Male Cone

Abstract Data from three seed orchards (Chongyang, Zhangle and Laoshan) and Lintian forest were used to study pollination characteristics, pollination level, pollen and ovule production in Chinese fir. The results show that male and female cones have their own distribution patterns within crowns. Male cones are located in the middle to top and female cones the middle to bottom part of the crown. Because of lower density of trees in seed orchard than that in a stand, female cones are distributed over the entire crown in seed orchard trees. Chinese fir male and female cones appear to be very well adapted for wind as the pollination mechanism. There is no difference in the number of pollen grains produced by one pollen sac among trees in the same clone, but there are differences between clones. There are differences between both clones and years in female cone number, male cone number and their ratio. The pollen accumulation rate during pollination should be 3 to 5 pollen grains/mm2 to ensure fertilization. The Chinese fir seed orchards in this study produced too much pollen and could be improved by stimulation of more female flowers in order to produce more seeds.

scholarly journals Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase CYP139 Family Involved in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in 824 Mycobacterial Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puleng Rosinah Syed ◽  
Wanping Chen ◽  
David R. Nelson ◽  
Abidemi Paul Kappo ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Mycobacterial Species ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Unique Amino Acid

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top infectious diseases causing numerous human deaths in the world. Despite enormous efforts, the physiology of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is poorly understood. To contribute to better understanding the physiological capacity of these microbes, we have carried out extensive in silico analyses of the 1111 mycobacterial species genomes focusing on revealing the role of the orphan cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) CYP139 family. We have found that CYP139 members are present in 894 species belonging to three mycobacterial groups: M. tuberculosis complex (850-species), Mycobacterium avium complex (34-species), and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (10-species), with all CYP139 members belonging to the subfamily “A”. CYP139 members have unique amino acid patterns at the CXG motif. Amino acid conservation analysis placed this family in the 8th among CYP families belonging to different biological domains and kingdoms. Biosynthetic gene cluster analyses have revealed that 92% of CYP139As might be associated with producing different secondary metabolites. Such enhanced secondary metabolic potentials with the involvement of CYP139A members might have provided mycobacterial species with advantageous traits in diverse niches competing with other microbial or viral agents, and might help these microbes infect hosts by interfering with the hosts’ metabolism and immune system.

scholarly journals Amino Acid-Mediated Metabolism: A New Power to Influence Properties of Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jilan Liu ◽  
Xianyun Qin ◽  
Dongfeng Pan ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Feng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Effect Of Therapy

The self-renewal and differentiation potentials of stem cells are dependent on amino acid (AA) metabolism. We review the literature on the metabolic preference of both cancer and noncancer stem cells. The balance in AA metabolism is responsible for maintaining the functionality of noncancer stem cells, and altering the levels of AAs can influence the malignant biological behavior of cancer stem cells. AAs are considered nutrients participating in metabolism and playing a critical role in maintaining the activity of normal stem cells and the effect of therapy of cancer stem cells. Targeting AA metabolism helps inhibit the stemness of cancer stem cells and remodels the function of normal stem cells. This review summarizes the metabolic characteristics and regulation pathways of AA in different stem cells, not only from the nutritional perspective but also from the genomic perspective that have been reported in the recent five years. In addition, we briefly survey new therapeutic modalities that may help eradicate cancer stem cells by exploiting nutrient deprivation. Understanding AA uptake characteristics helps researchers define the preference for AA in different stem cells and enables clinicians make timely interventions to specifically target the cell behavior.

scholarly journals Evaluation and detection of Brassicaceae leafy whey phytohormones efficacy for exploiting as a medium obtaining optimistic culture of fungi in vitro

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Khanduji Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Nitrate Medium ◽  
Growth Optimization ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

The  DPJ  (Deproteinised  Juice)  or  whey  constituents    were  responsible  for  the  induction  of  growth  optimization  of  plants,  various  fungi  including  yeast,  Rhizobium  reported  by  earlier  workers. In  previous  experiments,  DPJ  maximised  the  growth  of  plants  and  seed  germination. During  present  investigation  the  carbohydrates,  amino  acids  and  protein   tests  were  taken  into  the  consideration. All the tests found positive.  Despite,  the  extract is  deproteinised,  still  there  was  persistence  of  few  proteins  and  amino  acids. The  collection  of  mycelia  grown  on  DPJ  was  filtered  and    the  culture  filtrates    recommended  to   use  in vitro  for  the  industrial  purpose  for   biomass  and  secondary  metabolites.   Experimental  DPJ  is  compared  with  the  glucose  nitrate  medium  as  control.  These  positive  tests  revealed  the suitability  of  DPJ  to  be  used  as  the  medium  for  the  growth  of  fungi.  Positive  amino  acid  tests  conspicuously  revealed  presence  of  phytohormones  in  members  of   Brassicaceae  DPJ  and  hence  advisable  to  be  utilised  for  the   plant  growth  in  vivo,  plant  callus  growth   and  cell  proliferation  of  mycelia  in  vitro. 

scholarly journals The Rare Amino Acid Building Block 3-(3-furyl)-Alanine in the Formation of Non-ribosomal Peptides

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayrouz El Maddah ◽  
Mamona Nazir ◽  
Gabriele M. König
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Cyclosporine A ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Rhizopus Microsporus ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbiont ◽  
Peptide Synthetases ◽  
Microbial Origin

Microorganisms have made considerable contributions to the production of peptide secondary metabolites, many of them with therapeutic potential, e.g., the fungus-derived immunosuppressant cyclosporine A and the antibiotic daptomycin originating from Streptomyces. Most of the medically used peptides are the product of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), incorporating apart from proteinogenic also unique, non-proteinogenic amino acids into the peptides. An extremely rare such amino acid is 3-(3-furyl)-alanine. So far, only few peptides have been found that contain this residue, including the rhizonins, bingchamide B and endolides. The producer of the rhizonins was proven to be the bacterial endosymbiont Burkholderia endofungorum inside the fungus Rhizopus microsporus. The microbial origin, chemistry and bioactivity of the 3-(3-furyl)-alanine containing peptides are the focus of this review.

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