scholarly journals Comprehensive Accounting for REDD+ Programs: A Pragmatic Approach as Exemplified in Guyana

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Goslee ◽  
Timothy R. H. Pearson ◽  
Blanca Bernal ◽  
Sophia L. Simon ◽  
Hansrajie Sukhdeo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Effective Manner

Completeness is an important element for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) accounting to ensure transparency and accountability. However, including a full accounting for all emission sources in a REDD+ program is often resource-intensive and cost-prohibitive, especially considering that some emission sources comprise far less than 10% of total emissions and are thus considered insignificant according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. This is evident in forest reference emission level (FREL)/forest reference level (FRL) submissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Of the 50 countries that have submitted FRELs to date, only half of them include degradation in their FRELs even though degradation is often a significant source of emissions. Half of the countries that do include degradation use satellite imagery without necessarily specifying degrading activities or separating anthropogenic activities. Guyana provides an example of an approach that enables inclusion of all emission sources while considering the significance of each when developing an accounting approach. Since submitting its FREL in 2014, Guyana has made stepwise improvements to its emission estimates so that the country is now able to report on all deforestation and degradation activities resulting in emissions, whether significant or not. Based on the example of Guyana’s efforts, the authors recommend a simple approach to move towards complete accounting in a cost-effective manner. This approach can be scaled to other countries with other activities that results in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Such complete accounting allows for higher accountability in REDD+ systems and can lead to greater effectiveness in reducing emissions.

scholarly journals Estimating GHG Emission Level from Oil and Gas Offshore Production Facility

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 09004
Author(s):  
Satya Pinem ◽  
Mahawan Karuniasa ◽  
Chairil Abdini
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Production Facility ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Offshore Production ◽  
Tier 1

Oil and gas (O&G) production activities emits greenhouse gases (GHG) which must be well estimated to improve accountability and formulating efficient mitigation. The Indonesia’s GHG emission reported thru Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was estimated by Tier-1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the O&G company adopts different methodology. This leads to asynchronous GHG emission contribution of this industry to national GHG emission. This paper aims to estimate the GHG inventory from O&G offshore production facility by using American Petroleum Institute (API) Compendium Methodology and compare it with Tier-1 IPCC Methodology. It found that GHG emission estimated by API method is significantly lower than IPCC method. Both methods shown fuel combustion sources are the dominant. GHG emission sources from fuel combustion and flaring have been well identified, but emission sources from venting and fugitive need to be improved. Moreover this study identified that to have more accurate national GHG inventory, the GHG calculation method might be different for each industry segment. This evaluation could improve the future national GHG inventory and as reference for the industry. National emission factors database for O&G industry segment is highly suggested to be developed.

scholarly journals REDD Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Systems in Nepal: Gaps, Issues and Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidya Nath Jha ◽  
Govinda Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Resource Monitoring ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Verification Systems ◽  
Reporting And Verification

Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an incentive based approach for climate change mitigation that has gained global attention. Following the global discourse and trend, Nepal is preparing herself to participate in the REDD implementation process with the financing from the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). Developing a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system of monitoring carbon emissions is one of the most important aspects of the REDD mechanism. In this article, we analyse the existing forest resource monitoring system in Nepal with reference to requirements for the REDD MRV design as suggested in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) good practice guide. Our analytical focus revolves around understanding the current policy provisions and institutional infrastructure, as well as identifying existing gaps Similarly, we also analyse the national capacity gaps for designing and adopting the REDD MRV. Finally we have outlined possible issues and challenges for designing and implementing REDD MRV in Nepal. Based on all these aspects, we have suggested a MRV system design that would acknowledge the role of existing institutions and consider the state restructuring.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v9i1.8591 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.9(1) 2010 21-32

scholarly journals The evaluation of two management strategies for the Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock fishery under climate change

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1614-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Teresa A’mar ◽  
André E. Punt ◽  
Martin W. Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Walleye Pollock ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Management Performance ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Alternative Management

Abstract A’mar, Z. T., Punt, A. E., and Dorn, M. W. 2009. The evaluation of two management strategies for the Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock fishery under climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1614–1632. Management strategy evaluation (MSE) is the process of using simulation testing with feedback to examine the robustness of candidate management strategies to error and uncertainty. The structure of the management strategy can be selected to attempt to satisfy desired (but conflicting) management objectives. MSE was used to assess the performance of the current management strategy and an alternative management strategy (the “dynamic B0” strategy) for the fishery for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), when age-1 recruitment was driven by climate. The relationships between age-1 abundance and climate indices (and the uncertainties associated with these relationships) were characterized within an age-structured operating model that was fitted to the data for GOA walleye pollock. Projections into the future were based on the fitted relationships and predictions of those indices from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models, using the current or the alternative management strategy to determine catch limits. Management performance (the ability to leave the stock close to the management reference level and achieve high and stable catches) deteriorated when age-1 recruitment was forced by climate, although stocks were kept near the reference level on average. In addition, the ability to estimate management-related quantities, such as spawning biomass, deteriorated markedly when recruitment was forced by climate. Performance was sensitive to the choice of IPCC dataset and, in particular, estimation and management performance was poorest (outcomes most variable) for the IPCC datasets that led to the greatest variation in recruitment to the fishery. Although basing management on a “dynamic B0” management strategy led to improved management and estimation performance, the magnitude of the improvement was slight.

scholarly journals Carbono en biomasa aérea, sistema agroforestal de Theobroma cacao L. laboratorio natural, los laureles 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Arturo Roberto  Avellán Rivera ◽  
Enrique Barreto Dolin ◽  
Efraín De Jesús  Peralta Tercero
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

El estudio se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el carbono almacenado en biomasa aérea del sistema agroforestal (SAF) del laboratorio natural Los Laureles de URACCAN en la comunidad de Hormiguero, municipio de Siuna, en el cual se utilizó el método (no destructivo) mediante aplicación de porcentaje de carbono (50%) sobre la biomasa seca, sugerido por Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Winrock International, La Organización de Naciones Unidas – Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries. El estudio es cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal.El sistema agroforestal es secuencial, con una extensión de 2.84 ha, en el cual se realizó un inventario al 100% de árboles forestales y frutales; sin embargo, en el cacao se realizó un muestro con una intensidad de 8.45% distribuyendo 12 parcelas rectangulares de 10 por 20 m distribuidas sistemáticamente a un distanciamiento de 48.65 m entre parcela. El Sistema tiene una biomasa aérea de 10.35 toneladas (t), distribuidas de la siguiente manera: árboles frutales, 0.44 t.; especies forestales, 4.70 t. y cacao, 5.21 t. Es una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal.El sistema agroforestal como banco de almacenamiento de carbono hasta el momento de la recolección de datos tenía 1.44 t carbono por hectárea (C/ha) acumuladas en biomasa aérea de especies forestales y frutales; por otro lado, el componente cacao en su biomasa aérea posee 1.47 t C/ha, con un total de 2.91 t C/ha. El valor económico ambiental del almacenamiento de carbono en el laboratorio natural Los Laureles es de $53.36 por hectárea.

Comparison of mitigation potential estimates of three models using the IPCC 3-tier approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-249
Author(s):  
Indu K. Murthy ◽  
Rakesh Tiwari ◽  
G.T. Hegde ◽  
M. Beerappa ◽  
Kameswar Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Community Forestry ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Forestry Project ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
Tier 3

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to estimate carbon mitigation impacts of project activities in a community forestry project in Andhra Pradesh, India. Measurement and quantification of carbon stocks, monitoring of these stocks over time and projections using models is necessary for assessing the climate change mitigation potential or impacts of all forest development and conservation projects. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, multiple mitigation assessment methods and models were used to estimate the carbon mitigation impacts – PROCOMAP, TARAM and CATIE, by adopting a three-tier approach similar to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. Findings – There are differences in mitigation potential estimates across models as well as across tiers. The study highlights the strength and weaknesses and/or limitations and advantages of adopting the different approaches and their applicability for estimating mitigation potential of a forestry project. The same could be adopted for a future Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) regime also, given countries may not have the necessary technical capacity and data needed during the post-2012 REDD scheme. While countries with advanced data, technical and research capabilities could use models or, in other words, adopt the Tier-3 approach, countries with data and technical limitations, as in India, could adopt a Tier-2 or Tier-1 approach to begin with. Research limitations/implications – The limitations and advantages of use of the multiple mitigation models is addressed. Originality/value – This work would help understand use of three mitigation models by prospective students and researchers and also the data needs and limitations for use of these models.

Introduction: The Global Imperative

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth ◽  
Early Action

The years 2006–2007 represented an intellectual tipping point for climate change advocacy. Over this short period of time, there was ample evidence of a general convergence of understanding between many environmentalists and economists on the perilous threat posed by climate change. In the summer of 2006, the release of Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth turned climate change into an issue of public concern in the United States. The domestic debate that the film helped inspire escalated over the next year to a point where energy policy suddenly became a vote swaying issue in American politics. This development became a topic of interest for the rest of the world because signs of a weakening in American reticence toward climate change mitigation would have significant repercussions for the 128 nations that were struggling to keep the Kyoto Protocol from falling apart. In October 2006, a comprehensive independent study called the Stern Review, commissioned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom, presented an assessment of the anticipated impacts of climate change. As a foreboding sign of the content which would follow, the report began by describing climate change as “the greatest and widest ranging market failure ever seen”. The report concluded that the long-term costs of climate change were expected to be so great that early action to abate global warming was the most cost-effective alternative. It estimated that the net benefits (benefits less costs) from reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to achieve a stabilization level of 550 parts per million (ppm) by 2050 would be in the neighborhood of US$2.5 trillion. In February 2007, the first of four reports that comprise the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was released. The goal of this first report was to “describe progress in understanding of the human and natural drivers of climate change, observed climate change, climate processes and attribution, and estimates of projected future climate change.”

scholarly journals Electromobility in Poland and Slovakia. Benchmarking of Electric Vehicles for 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak ◽  
Hubert Rzedowski ◽  
Tomas Skrucany
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Effective Manner

Since the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in 2015, and with the publication of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on the consequences of 1.5 degrees of global warming, the issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner and within the timeframe outlined has become a matter of urgency. The transport sector, which accounts for a quarter of total GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions in the 28 EU Member States, is no exception. Due to the serious environmental impacts of transport, new mobility concepts are being implemented at both national and international levels. One of these is the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles, including those powered exclusively by Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) batteries. They are quiet and virtually emission-free and, in terms of safety, have the feature that, in the event of an accident, they reduce the risk of detonating the vehicle and of burning or burning out the passengers. This article presents the current state of electromobility in Poland and Slovakia with an indication of light electric cars BEV and the most important factors stimulating its development.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency in universities: the need for guidance and a strategic approach

2011 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Sean Murray
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Climate Action

The leaders of many countries are discussing ambitious targets for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as a means of mitigating the worst impact of climate change on the environment and our economies. In 2007, EU leaders endorsed an integrated approach to climate change and energy policy. They committed Europe to transforming itself into a highly energy-efficient low carbon economy through their 20-20-20 targets, according to the European Commission, Climate Action. These targets are ambitious and consist of: Figure 1, below, shows that the carbon dioxide equivalent of all greenhouse gases (CO2 eq.) from the energy sector is the second greatest contributor of greenhouse gases. This fact creates an opportunity to explored ways to reduce the emissions from the energy sector. However, the methods need to be target the most significant culprits in a cost-effective manner in order to the have maximum affect on the reduction of emissions from the ...

Russian Law on Climate Change

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Korppoo ◽  
Max Gutbrod ◽  
Sergey Sitnikov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Ipcc Guidelines ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Kyoto Mechanisms

This chapter outlines Russian legislation relevant to climate change. Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2004. The main legal elements of institutional compliance under the Protocol included requirements to submit annual greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, and to establish a registry to keep track of domestic emissions and implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms. The Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), together with the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, were designated as the entities responsible for developing Russia’s GHG inventory. Russia’s compliance was driven by its opportunity to participate in the Kyoto mechanisms. These flexibility mechanisms—Joint Implementation (JI) and International Emissions Trading—allow industrial countries to trade emission allowances in order to direct climate mitigation investments into the most cost-effective measures available.

scholarly journals Strategic protection of landslide vulnerable mountains for biodiversity conservation under land-cover and climate change impacts

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. e2113416118
Author(s):  
Binbin V. Li ◽  
Clinton N. Jenkins ◽  
Weihua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Areas Of Endemism

Natural disasters impose huge uncertainty and loss to human lives and economic activities. Landslides are one disaster that has become more prevalent because of anthropogenic disturbances, such as land-cover changes, land degradation, and expansion of infrastructure. These are further exacerbated by more extreme precipitation due to climate change, which is predicted to trigger more landslides and threaten sustainable development in vulnerable regions. Although biodiversity conservation and development are often regarded as having a trade-off relationship, here we present a global analysis of the area with co-benefits, where conservation through expanding protection and reducing deforestation can not only benefit biodiversity but also reduce landslide risks to human society. High overlap exists between landslide susceptibility and areas of endemism for mammals, birds, and amphibians, which are mostly concentrated in mountain regions. We identified 247 mountain ranges as areas with high vulnerability, having both exceptional biodiversity and landslide risks, accounting for 25.8% of the global mountainous areas. Another 31 biodiverse mountains are classified as future vulnerable mountains as they face increasing landslide risks because of predicted climate change and deforestation. None of these 278 mountains reach the Aichi Target 11 of 17% coverage by protected areas. Of the 278 mountains, 52 need immediate actions because of high vulnerability, severe threats from future deforestation and precipitation extremes, low protection, and high-population density and anthropogenic activities. These actions include protected area expansion, forest conservation, and restoration where it could be a cost-effective way to reduce the risks of landslides.

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