scholarly journals Soil Mesofauna Responses to Fire Severity in a Sclerophyllous Forest in Central Chile

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1444
Author(s):  
Ricardo Castro-Huerta ◽  
Carolina Morales ◽  
John Gajardo ◽  
Enrique A. Mundaca ◽  
Marco Yáñez
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Four Levels

Forest fires may have severe impacts on the aboveground biodiversity and soil chemical and biological properties. Edaphic organisms are highly sensitive to disturbances and are typically used to measure the magnitude of these events. Overall, little is known about the responses of these organisms to fires differing in their severity levels. This study aimed to assess the effect of fire severity on the soil mesofauna community diversity and structure in a site located in a Mediterranean zone of central Chile. In postfire conditions, we use spectral indexes from satellite images to map fire severity at four levels (non-damage (ND), low damage (L), medium damage (M), high damage (H)). Soil samples were collected at each severity level, and the mesofauna abundance was quantified. Although the metrics describing species diversity and dominance were similar among fire severity levels, the abundance and composition of the mesofauna were specifically altered at the high severity level. The edaphic mesofauna can be considered suitable bioindicators to evaluate the postfire ecosystem recovery, especially in the areas highly damaged by fire.

Using Conventional Articulation Tests With Highly Unintelligible Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela G. Garn-Nunn ◽  
Vicki Martin
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Conventional Test ◽  
Impaired Children

This study explored whether or not standard administration and scoring of conventional articulation tests accurately identified children as phonologically disordered and whether or not information from these tests established severity level and programming needs. Results of standard scoring procedures from the Assessment of Phonological Processes-Revised, the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, the Photo Articulation Test, and the Weiss Comprehensive Articulation Test were compared for 20 phonologically impaired children. All tests identified the children as phonologically delayed/disordered, but the conventional tests failed to clearly and consistently differentiate varying severity levels. Conventional test results also showed limitations in error sensitivity, ease of computation for scoring procedures, and implications for remediation programming. The use of some type of rule-based analysis for phonologically impaired children is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Fire Severity on Vegetation Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Aru Han ◽  
Song Qing ◽  
Yongbin Bao ◽  
Li Na ◽  
Yuhai Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Vegetation Dynamic ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sentinel 2

An important component in improving the quality of forests is to study the interference intensity of forest fires, in order to describe the intensity of the forest fire and the vegetation recovery, and to improve the monitoring ability of the dynamic change of the forest. Using a forest fire event in Bilahe, Inner Monglia in 2017 as a case study, this study extracted the burned area based on the BAIS2 index of Sentinel-2 data for 2016–2018. The leaf area index (LAI) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC), which are more suitable for monitoring vegetation dynamic changes of a burned area, were calculated by comparing the biophysical and spectral indices. The results showed that patterns of change of LAI and FVC of various land cover types were similar post-fire. The LAI and FVC of forest and grassland were high during the pre-fire and post-fire years. During the fire year, from the fire month (May) through the next 4 months (September), the order of areas of different fire severity in terms of values of LAI and FVC was: low > moderate > high severity. During the post fire year, LAI and FVC increased rapidly in areas of different fire severity, and the ranking of areas of different fire severity in terms of values LAI and FVC was consistent with the trend observed during the pre-fire year. The results of this study can improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in post-fire vegetation change. By using quantitative inversion, the health trajectory of the ecosystem can be rapidly determined, and therefore this method can play an irreplaceable role in the realization of sustainable development in the study area. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to quantitatively retrieve vegetation variables by remote sensing.

scholarly journals PASSAGE OF WHEAT FIRE IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENT IN KURDISTAN REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Tariq & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Surface Burn ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The study was conducted to examine the effect of surface burn severity (Moderate, Severe and Unburned) of wheat straw on soil properties. The results showed statistical differences in some soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Bulk density and field capacity increased statistically by the severity of fire; however, porosity and infiltration rate were statistically lower in sever burned plot when compared to unburned plot. The chemical properties, soil organic matter (SOM), P, Ca, S, Cl, K, Mo, Fe and As were not affected by the fire. The pH value was increased slightly by increasing the fire severity, while, EC was decreased when compared with the unburned plot. It was found a statistical reduction in the number of bacterial and fungal cells per gram soil in the burned plots. A moderate and severe fire reduced seed germination percentage significantly. This finding suggests that fire severity may destruct the biological, physical and some of the chemical properties of the soil, and this may impact negatively on plant growth in the next growing season.

Is Bug Severity in Line with Bug Fixing Change Complexity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11n12) ◽  
pp. 1779-1800
Author(s):  
Zengyang Li ◽  
Peng Liang ◽  
Dengwei Li ◽  
Ran Mo ◽  
Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Release Planning ◽  
Bug Reports ◽  
Bug Fixing ◽  
Code Change ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Severity Levels

Both complexity of code change for bug fixing and bug severity play an important role in release planning when considering which bugs should be fixed in a specific release under certain constraints. This work investigates whether there are significant differences between bugs of different severity levels regarding the complexity of code change for fixing the bugs. Code change complexity is measured by the number of modified lines of code, source files, and packages, as well as the entropy of code change. We performed a case study on 20 Apache open source software (OSS) projects using commit records and bug reports. The study results show that (1) for bugs of high severity levels (i.e. Blocker, Critical and Major in JIRA), there is no significant difference on the complexity of code change for fixing bugs of different severity levels for most projects, while (2) for bugs of low severity levels (i.e. Major, Minor and Trivial in JIRA), fixing bugs of a higher severity level needs significantly more complex code change than fixing bugs of a lower severity level for most projects. These findings provide useful and practical insights for effort estimation and release planning of OSS development.

Fuel characteristics and fire behaviour in mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín De Luis ◽  
Manuel J. Baeza ◽  
José Raventós ◽  
José C. González-Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Fuel Distribution ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Relationship

Since the early 1990s, Mediterranean gorse shrublands have expanded significantly in the Mediterranean regions of Spain mainly as a result of the increase in the frequency and extension of forest fires. Mediterranean gorse (Ulex parviflorus), which has been described as a degradation stage of forest communities after fire, has also been described as a fire-prone community. Thus, its presence increases the risk that new fires might occur. In spite of this evidence, there is little information on both the composition and structural characteristics of these communities or the relationship that might exist between these vegetation characteristics and fire behaviour. In this paper we present the results of a characterization of the vegetative structure (plant density, specific composition, biomass fractions, and horizontal and vertical fuel distribution) in Mediterranean gorse. We also analyse fire behaviour using indicators obtained at different scales. Our results show mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands to be communities with high biomass values (3000–4000 g m−2) and high horizontal and vertical vegetation continuity, in which the proportion of fine dead fuel fractions with low moisture content is around 50% of the total phytomass present. Ulex parviflorus is the dominant species and its degree of dominance is a key element in the behaviour of fire. Both the fire-line intensity values and the fire severity values observed can be considered high with respect to those observed in other Mediterranean communities, thus confirming Mediterranean gorse as a high-risk community.

scholarly journals Event-Based Integrated Assessment of Environmental Variables and Wildfire Severity through Sentinel-2 Data

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Picos ◽  
Laura Alonso ◽  
Guillermo Bastos ◽  
Julia Armesto
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Sentinel 2

To optimize suppression, restoration, and prevention plans against wildfire, postfire assessment is a key input. Since little research has been carried out on applying Sentinel-2 imagery through an integrated approach to evaluate how environmental parameters affect fire severity, this work aims to fill this gap. A set of large forest fires that occurred in northwest Spain during extreme weather conditions were adopted as a case study. Sentinel-2 information was used to build the fire severity map and to evaluate the relation between it and a set of its driving factors: land cover, aspect, slope, proximity to the nearest stream, and fire recurrence. The cover types most affected by fire were scrubland, rocky areas, and Eucalyptus. The presence of streams was identified as a major cause of the reduced severity of fires in broadleaves. The occurrence of fires in the past is linked to the severity of fires, depending on the land cover. This research aims to help fire researchers, authority managers, and policy makers distinguish the conditions under which the damage by fire is minimized and optimize the resources allocated to restoration and future fire suppression.

Fire Severity, Water Repellency Characteristics and Hydrogeomorphological Changes Following the Christmas 2001 Sydney Forest Fires

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. SHAKESBY ◽  
C. J. CHAFER ◽  
S. H. DOERR ◽  
W. H. BLAKE ◽  
P. WALLBRINK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Water Repellency
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