scholarly journals Heavy Metals, Proximate Analysis and Brine Shrimp Lethality of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum Growing in Crude Oil-Rich Delta State, Nigeria

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2913
Author(s):  
Oluwatofunmilayo Arike Diyaolu ◽  
Alfred F. Attah ◽  
Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola ◽  
Jones Olanrewaju Moody ◽  
Marcel Jaspars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Significant Difference

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Ocimum gratissimum (OG) are among the most frequently consumed vegetables in Kokori and Abraka communities of Delta State, Nigeria. However, the continuous crude oil exploration and spillages in Kokori may threaten their safety for use as food and medicine. Twelve samples of VA and OG obtained from crude oil-rich and crude oil-free communities were comparatively analysed for proximate composition, heavy metals, and cytotoxicity. Data obtained were subjected to various multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), biplot, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate the correlations between the vegetables from the different communities and the effect of crude oil exploration and spill on plant biomass. Results obtained indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition of VA and OG and higher heavy metal content for VA from the crude oil-spill Kokori. Two VA collections from Kokori were exceptionally toxic to cellular crustaceans.

scholarly journals Proximate composition, texture analysis and sensory evaluation of keropok lekor formulated with herbs and spices

Food Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 635-639
Author(s):  
A.F.M.I.U. Zim ◽  
A. Akter ◽  
M.S. Ali ◽  
W.A. Anik ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Sensory Testing ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sensory Parameters ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Common Spices

Keropok lekor a fish-based sausage is a popular traditional food item in Terengganu state, Malaysia. This study aimed to develop a new flavor and taste of keropok lekor. Common spices such as cumin, coriander, cinnamon, cardamom, bay leaf, nutmeg, clove, onion, ginger, garlic were used to develop a new flavor of keropok lekor. A total of 5 samples, including two original and three developed keropok lekor samples were prepared. This study also evaluated the proximate composition of two raw samples (Original and developed). The results of the proximate analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in all parameters except the fiber content. Hardness, springiness, and chewiness of the samples were measured by using TA-XTplus texture analyzer. There was a significant difference in the hardness level between original and developed sample. Finally, sensory evaluation according to six attributes such as color, odors, texture, flavor, taste and overall acceptability was done by 39 panelists. A 7-point hedonic scale ranging from “dislike very much” to “like very much” was employed in sensory testing. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in all the sensory parameters evaluated. The results showed that most of the respondents preferred the developed samples over the original samples. Developed fried keropok lekor with bread crumb was the most acceptable one.

scholarly journals Bacteriological, Chemical and Soil Enzyme Activity Profile of Coastal Wetland Soils Exposed to Crude Oil Exploration in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ofonime U. M. John ◽  
Samuel I. Eduok ◽  
Victor O. Nwaugo ◽  
Reginald A. Onyeagba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Wetland Soils ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Coastal wetland soils exposed to crude oil exploration activities were assessed using microbiological and chemical procedures in the wet and dry seasons. The bacteria isolated from the impacted wetland soils included species of the genera Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Citrobacter, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Sarcina, Serratia and Staphylococcus. In addition, species of the genera Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas and Rhizobium were isolated from the non-impacted soils. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) in the wet and dry seasons ranged from 7.1 ± 0.4 to 8.6 ± 0.2 Log₁₀CFU g‾¹ and 3.7± 0.04 to 5.4 ± 0.1 Log₁₀CFU g‾¹ for the control and impacted soils respectively. The counts in control was 1.6 to 1.9 times higher than the impacted soil and the difference was significant at p = 0.05. The nitrifying bacteria (NB) associated with the impacted soil were the most adversely affected. There was 2.11 to 139 times higher concentration of the different heavy metals in the impacted soil than the control and 1.13 to 1.26 x 104 times higher Total petroleum hydrocarbon in the impacted soils in both seasons and these differences were significant (p = 0.05). Dehydrogenase activity was 2.8 to 3.1 times higher in the control soils compared to the impacted soil whereas Phenol oxidase was 15.14 to 15.75 times higher in the impacted soils in both seasons. This study indicates that Exploration and Production activitiesi in the coastal wetlands if not carried out according to specified guidelines by the environmental control agencies can result in the reduction of beneficial soil bacterial population and diversity, high concentrations of heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbon and decreased dehydrogenase activity at impacted explored wetland site. It also revealed non-impacted regions of this explored wetlands not within oil pipe-line routes are fit for agricultural use.

scholarly journals Proximate and Mineral Composition of Some Leafy Vegetables Sold in Farin Gadan Market in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
E. G. Ibrahim ◽  
M. A. Gube-Ibrahim ◽  
D. O. Adekeye ◽  
N. J. Numonaya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Jos Plateau ◽  
Plateau State

This study was carried out to determine the mineral concentration and proximate composition of four different leafy vegetable collected in from Farin Gadan Market Jos Plateau State Nigeria and extracted using double acid extraction method. Heavy metals concentration was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and proximate composition was determined by Association of, Official Analytical chemistry (AOAC,1999) method. Results showed that the highest level of lead was found in Jute (0.045 ±0.004) while Lettuce (0.001 ±0.007) had the lowest level of lead. The leafy vegetables in this study may have been polluted with lead through pollutants in irrigation water, farm soil or due to pollution from the highway traffic. Chromium and cadmium were observed to be low in all the leafy vegetables analyzed, which is still within the safe limit set by FAO/WHO. Zinc had the highest concentration (2.802± 0.012) in bitter leaf, proximate analysis indicated significant variability in the constituents contained in the leafy vegetables studied (Carbohydrate, Ash content, crude protein, crude fats, crude fibre and moisture content in descending order). The highest moisture content was found in Lettuce (7.791%) and the highest crude protein in Bitter leaf (12.88%). The concentrations of the toxic heavy metals are within the tolerable limits of some regulatory authorities. However, there is need for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and proximate analysis in leafy vegetables because, leafy vegetables are the main sources of food supplements for humans in many parts of the world and are considered as bio-indicators of environmental pollution. 

scholarly journals Impact of Illegal Crude Oil Refining in Jike-ama River of Bille Kingdom, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Nwachoko, Ndidi ◽  
Davies, Bekinbo ◽  
Tetam, Jack Gbenenee
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon Content

Oil exploration and exploitation is a lucrative business and one of the major sources of revenue in Nigeria. Each year, hundreds of post-impact assessment (PIA) studies are conducted to assess the impact of the hazards generated by the oil industry on social environment and on human health. This hazardous impact is the associated with the activities of illegal refining of crude oil. Thus, this work examined the impact of illegal crude oil refining activities in Jike-Ama river of Jike-Ama community. Shellfish, fish, surface water and sediment samples were randomly collected in triplicates. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total hydrocarbon content of the water in addition to heavy metal content and PAHs in fish, Shellfish and sediment were determined. The results of the physicochemical parameters showed that pH, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, turbidity and total hydrocarbon content of water were above FEPA permissible limits while chloride, nitrate and sulphate detected in water were within FEPA permissible limits. Dissolved oxygen was observed to be below FEPA permissible limit. The mean concentration of heavy metals and PAHs in sediment showed significant difference (p<0.05) when compared with values for Shellfish and fish and were above FEPA and WHO permissible limits. Shellfish had higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than fish. PAHs values in shellfish showed significant difference (p<0.05). Heavy metals concentration in fish were above permissible limits except Cr, Zn and Pb. Concentration of PAHs in fish, shellfish, surface water and sediment were generally above FEPA and WHO permissible limits. This findings suggests high concentration of contaminants in Jike-Ama river.

scholarly journals Health Risks Assessment of Rainwater Pollutants in Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.30) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Siti Nadzifah Ghazali ◽  
Fazrul Razman ◽  
Mohd Zahari Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Health Risks Assessment ◽  
Risks Assessment

Rainwater samples were collected in Jengka, Pahang Malaysia. Temperature, pH, TDS, EC, Al, Cu, Mn, and Zn were measured. The concentrations of heavy metals (Al, Cu, Mn and Zn) in thirty-eight samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical analysis results indicate that pH, TDS, and EC showed significant differences between wet and dry seasons. However, no significant difference was observed seasonally for heavy metals (HMs). All parameters, except pH, were below the Malaysian Drinking Water Guidelines (MDWG) value and the health risk assessment for HMs indicates the safe levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that HMs in rainwater in Jengka, Pahang were originated from natural and anthropogenic sources.  

scholarly journals Proximate composition and sensory evaluation of Guinea corn meal enriched with soybean and groundnut for infant feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Christiana Teniola Gbadebo ◽  
Latifah Taiye Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Score Card ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Research Questions

The study determined the proximate composition and sensory evaluation of Guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) meal enriched with soybeans (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachishypogaea) for infant feeding. Three (3) research questions were raised and one (1) hypotheses formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level. The research design adopted for this study is Research and Development Design. The panelists used for the study comprised of forty (40) Nursing Mothers, who have children age 6 month-2 years. The panelists were presented with 6 coded samples produced from a composite of seven possible formulations of Guinea corn blends enriched with soybeans and groundnut. The study used Sensory Evaluation Score Card, which was filled by participants during the testing session. Proximate analysis was determined by calculating the proximate composition of the products with Association of Analytical Chemists method. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for the significant differences in the proximate and sensory properties of the samples. Findings of proximate composition revealed that GCS (Guinea corn and Soybean) has the highest protein (14.98%) and moisture content (48.82%). For sensory evaluation, the sample GCG (Guinea corn and Groundnut) was the most preferred with mean score 6.25(±1.01) while the sample GCO (Guinea corn only) was the least preferred with mean score 4.25(±1.51). The findings of hypothesis revealed a significant difference between the sensory qualities of guinea corn only and guinea corn enriched with soybeans (p&lt;0.05). Based on the findings, the study concludes that Guinea corn blend enriched with soybeans and groundnut increases the nutritive and sensory qualities of the products and therefore suitable for children feeding. It was recommended that guinea corn blend enriched with soybeans and groundnut should be incorporated into children feeds to increase the intake of balanced diet by the children and prevent malnutrition in infants.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemicals, Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Leaves

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nkoli M. Mgbemena ◽  
Ngozi F. Amako
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Food Components ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties

Ocimum gratissimum (fam.Lamiaceae) ‘Scent leaf’ and Vernonia amygdalina (fam.Asteraceae) ‘Bitter leaf’ are commonly consumed vegetables in Southern Nigeria. O. gratissimum is used by the ‘Igbos’ of South East Nigeria to flavor soups and stews while it is popular with the ‘Yorubas’ of South West Nigeria for treatment of stomach disorders. V. amygdalina is a well known vegetable in West Africa used as both food and for its pharmaceutical properties. The enormous use of these vegetables in the diet motivated the present study whereby the food compositions, mineral constituents and the phytochemicals of the two vegetables were determined. Qualitative analysis, of the aqueous extracts, revealed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolics and anthraquinones in both vegetables. Generally V. amygdalina contained higher quantities of secondary metabolites, saponin which was reported as the highest amount was 5.71±0.12 mg/g and 3.52±0.01 mg/g followed by terpenoids 5.64±0.11 mg/g and 3.40±0.11 mg/g in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There is however a minute amount of anthraquinone in the two vegetables. Proximate analysis and macro elements were determined using their various standard methods. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of moisture (12.28 ± 0.02% and 10.01± 0.01%) protein (35.37±0.11% and 22.20±0.02%) and total ash (6.00±0.20% and 5.75±0.10%) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratisimum respectively. The following minerals were present calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc, with zinc being in the highest concentration (46.80± 0.03 mg/kg and 58.00±0.12 mg/kg) followed by copper (9.45±0.11 mg/kg and 16.60 ± 0.03 mg/kg) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There are higher values of phytochemicals and food components in V. amygdalina while O. gratissimum had higher mineral contents. These two vegetables are potential source of components for complementary medicine.

scholarly journals KOMPOSISI PROKSIMAT DAN PENERIMAAN SENSORI MAKANAN VEGETARIAN INDIA STERIL TERPILIH

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Zalifah Mohd Kasim ◽  
Nurul Farhana Hasim ◽  
Saiful Irwan Zubairi
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Sensory Acceptance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sterilization Process

Vegetarian diets are slowly becoming a lifestyle in Malaysia but is still lacking in the production of vegetarian foods in the form of ready-to-eat meals. The main objectives of this study were to determine the proximate composition and sensory acceptance of selected Indian vegetarian dishes (aloo gobi, dhal curry, potato curry, aloo patta gobi, bhindi masala, vadai and vegetarian kebab) before and after sterilization process. The preparation of the dishes was done using sterilization and vacuum packaging technique. As for the proximate analysis, ash, moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre and total caloric content were determined. Sensory analysis which was quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and the 7-point hedonic scale were used to determine appearance, colour, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptance, before and after sterilization process. In proximate analysis, significant difference (p<0.05) between reference and steril samples for vegetarian kebab and vadai (moisture), aloo patta gobi and aloo gobi (ash), bhindi masala, vegetarian kebab and aloo gobi (protein), aloo gobi, vegetarian kebab and vadai (fat).  Vegetarian kebab showed the highest mean value and significantly different (p<0.05) in energy values. Hedonic test showed that the overall acceptability of Indian vegetarian dishes among races were significantly different (p<0.05). Vegetarian kebab had the highest preference score as compared to the other samples. As for QDA, there were no significant difference in the overall acceptability for all the reference and sterilized samples. In conclusion, the sterilization process slightly affected the proximate composition and sensory acceptance of selected Indian vegetarian dishes.

scholarly journals Geospatial Mapping, Environmetrics and Indexing Approach for a Tropical River Sediment in Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Osikemekha Anthony Anania ◽  
John Ovie Olomukoro ◽  
Alex Ajeh Enuneku
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Geospatial Mapping

The objectives of this study are to assess the trace and heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Ossiomo river, using geospatial mapping, environmetrics and ecological risk indices. The results from the descriptive statistics showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) of the mean values of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and V. A posterior analysis using Duncan multiple regression analysis showed that stations 2 and 3 were significantly different from stations 1 and 4. While, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean values of Zn across the stations. The results of the relationship of the metals revealed a negative correlation between Fe and Mn with the other metals correspondingly. The results of the Kriging interpolation indicated a strong bull eye colour for stations 2 and 3 (6.42), while stations 1 and 4 were minimal (1.4). The results of the geospatial mapping indicated Fe, Zn and Mn to be the most dominant metals across the stations. The results of the PCA (principal component analysis) yielded 16 variables under 9 components with Eigenvalues >1 in components 1- 6 and these variables explained 99.99 % of the total variance in the sediment. The results of the degree of suitability and sphericity of the PCA revealed a high significant difference at P<0.001. The results of the potential ecological risk index values were very high in station 2 (824.30) and 3 (802.11) correspondingly. That of index of geo-accumulation was generally low (< 2). The findings from this study generally revealed the source apportionment of the trace and heavy metals to come from anthropogenic influences such as farming; fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture is highly recommended in order to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities, deterioration of the ecosystem and possible death of the life forms in this watercourse.  

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