scholarly journals Impact of Illegal Crude Oil Refining in Jike-ama River of Bille Kingdom, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Nwachoko, Ndidi ◽  
Davies, Bekinbo ◽  
Tetam, Jack Gbenenee
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon Content

Oil exploration and exploitation is a lucrative business and one of the major sources of revenue in Nigeria. Each year, hundreds of post-impact assessment (PIA) studies are conducted to assess the impact of the hazards generated by the oil industry on social environment and on human health. This hazardous impact is the associated with the activities of illegal refining of crude oil. Thus, this work examined the impact of illegal crude oil refining activities in Jike-Ama river of Jike-Ama community. Shellfish, fish, surface water and sediment samples were randomly collected in triplicates. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total hydrocarbon content of the water in addition to heavy metal content and PAHs in fish, Shellfish and sediment were determined. The results of the physicochemical parameters showed that pH, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, turbidity and total hydrocarbon content of water were above FEPA permissible limits while chloride, nitrate and sulphate detected in water were within FEPA permissible limits. Dissolved oxygen was observed to be below FEPA permissible limit. The mean concentration of heavy metals and PAHs in sediment showed significant difference (p<0.05) when compared with values for Shellfish and fish and were above FEPA and WHO permissible limits. Shellfish had higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than fish. PAHs values in shellfish showed significant difference (p<0.05). Heavy metals concentration in fish were above permissible limits except Cr, Zn and Pb. Concentration of PAHs in fish, shellfish, surface water and sediment were generally above FEPA and WHO permissible limits. This findings suggests high concentration of contaminants in Jike-Ama river.

scholarly journals Impacts of Artisanal Crude Oil Refining Activities on Soil Microorganisms

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Douglas, Salome Ibietela ◽  
Cornelius, Blessing Tamunonegiyeofori
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon Content

Aim: To evaluate the effect of illegal crude oil refining activities on soil microorganisms using standard microbiological methods. Study Design: This study employs laboratory experimental design, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation. Place and Duration of Study:  Soil samples were taken once a month for three months (May- July, 2018) from Ke in Degema Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria, where illegal crude oil refining activities are ongoing. Methodology: Using standard microbiological methods, total culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts, total fungal counts, Hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal counts were analysed to evaluate the effect of the activities. Total hydrocarbon content of the soil samples was also analysed. Results: The populations of the total heterotrophic bacterial, fungal and hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) and fungal (HUF) counts of the contaminated soil were enumerated. The mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts in Station 1 around the pot ranged from 2.5 x 105 to 1.8 x 106cfu/g, fungal counts ranged from 2.1 x 103 to 4.4 x 104cfu/g, HUB (HUB) counts ranged from 4.2 x 104 to 6.4 x 105cfu/g and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) counts ranged from 1.5 x 103 to 4.0 x 103cfu/g. The results of soil samples taken 20m away from the Pot location ranged from 7.0 x 105 to 8.2 x 106cfu/g for total heterotrophic bacterial counts, fungal counts ranged from 2.3 x 103 to 1.5 x 104cfu/g, HUB ranged from 4.7 x 104 to 5.7 x 105cfu/g and HUF ranged from 2.0 x 103 to 3.5 x 103cfu/g. Also, the results of total heterotrophic bacterial counts for Station 2 ranged from; 4.3 x 105 to 3.3 x 106cfu/g, fungi 2.0 x 103 to 3.3 x 104cfu/g, HUB ranged from 3.8 X 104 to 5.4 x 104cfu/g  and HUF 1.6 x 103 to 3.5 x 103cfu/g, while 20m away from the Pot total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.3 x 107 to 6.5 x 107cfu/g, fungi 5.8 x 103 to 1.4 x 105cfu/g, HUB 5.4 x 104 to 1.1x 105cfu/g and HUF 3.1 x 103 to 4.7 x 104cfu/g. While the control samples taken from inside the community where no such activity is on, ranged from 2.6 x 107 to 7.9 x 107cfu/g for total heterotrophic bacterial counts, total heterotrophic fungal counts ranged from 2.8 x 104 to 5.3 x 104cfu/g, HUB 2.0 x 102 to 3.1 x 102cfu/g and HUF 2.0 x 101 to 2.3 x 101cfu/g. twelve bacterial genera were identified and eight fungal genera: Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Proteus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Penicillum, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Geotrichum, Candida, and Cladosporium. Total hydrocarbon content ranged from 106 to 281mg/kg across the locations.  When compared with the control, it was observed that the microbial population and diversity were adversely affected. These variations observed in the microbial population are indicative of the effect of the illegal refinery on the soil microorganisms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicates that the continuous contamination of the soil environment by the activities of illegal crude oil refining, lead to a decrease in microbial population and diversity. This may result in devastating ecological damage, adversely affecting the ecological balance which may affect food chain and in turn animals and humans.

scholarly journals The influence of soil microorganisms on heavy metal content in the substrate of waste rock dumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 00017
Author(s):  
Natalia Makeeva ◽  
Olga Neverova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Waste Rock ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Concentration Limits

The environmental effects of mining and its impact on natural resources are of a holistic nature. One of the modern methods employed for the remediation of technogenically disturbed soils is the application of microorganisms. This paper studies the impact made by soil microorganisms on the accumulation rate of heavy metals in the substrate of waste rock dumps in the process of soil reclamation. Suspensions of soil microorganisms (microorganisms utilising mineral nitrogen forms / MUMN; microorganisms decomposing silicates / MDS; microscopic fungi / MF) were applied to the rock dump surface. Separate groups as well as their combinations were applied. The heavy metal content analysis did not indicate a significant exceedance of the maximum allowable concentration limits (MACL) in the soil of the waste rock. The only metal whose content exceeded the maximum admissible concentration limits was nickel. It has found that the application of microorganisms influences the concentration of several heavy metals due to pH level changes of the rock dump soil.

scholarly journals Influence of cultivar on the content of selected minerals in red beet roots (Beta vulgaris L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska ◽  
Maria Gawęda
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Beetroot is a vegetable that accumulate heavy metals. This is largely dependent on the cultivar, methods and growing conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the composition of elements in the roots of 15 cultivars of red beet. The analysis assessed the content of macroelements (Na, P) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Zn). Most soils of the Lesser Poland region are exposed to the impact of industrial and transportation pollution. The soils of this region are characterized by strong acidification as well as natural or increased heavy metal content. The experiment was set up at the experimental field of the Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in 2009-2010. On the basis of the performed analysis, ‘Opolski’ was chosen as the cultivar that was characterized by a high content of macroelements and lower ability to accumulate heavy metals than the other tested cultivars. The lowest ability to accumulate heavy metals (Cd and Cr) was found in the cases of cultivars with cylindrical root shapes, such as Rywal or Opolski. One can indicate such cultivars as Astar F1 or Nabab F1 as cultivars recommended for cultivation in ecologically threatened areas.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and heavy metal assessment of a tropical crude oil- polluted soil, water and sediment

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Maryjoy Chidinma Maduwuba ◽  
Gideon Chijioke Okpokwasili ◽  
Abiye Anthony Ibiene
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Water And Sediment

Crude oil-polluted environment serves as a reservoir of microbial species, especially bacteria. Determining these bacterial genera is of great benefit to environmental assessment and recovery. This study evaluated the bacteria and selected heavy metals present in crude oil-polluted sites in K-dere community, Ogoniland. The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Crude oil-polluted soil, water, and sediment samples were collected from K-dere community, Ogoniland. The pH and heavy metals composition of each sample was determined using pH meter and spectrophotometer, respectively, while isolation and biochemical characterization were done to evaluate the heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria present in each sample. Results revealed that iron (Fe) had the highest concentration in the soil (898.77±0.022 mg/kg) and sediment (1556.7±0.163 mg/kg) samples, while lead (Pb) had the lowest overall concentration. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) (10410.5 mg/kg) in soil sample exceeded the DPR standard limit of 5000 mg/kg for soil. The results of total culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts (TCHBC) and total culturable hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts (TCHUBC) showed that soil and sediment samples had the highest TCHBC and TCHUBC values of 2.66 ± 0.03 x 108 CFU/mL and 4.7 ± 0.14 x 107 CFU/mL respectively. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Acidiphilium spp, Mycobacterium spp and Leptospirillum spp in the samples with Pseudomonas spp having the highest percentage occurrence. This study has revealed the presence of useful bacterial species in the sampled sites which can be harnessed for an in situ cleaning of crude oil- contaminated site, especially in the tropical region.

scholarly journals The Study of Concentrations of Some Heavy Metals in Relation to Size of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots, 1857) in Asejire Lake, Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abayomi Jimoh ◽  
Abiodun Ojesanmi ◽  
Rasaq Olowu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Cu And Zn

Introduction: Heavy metals are useful for essential animal tissue metabolism; however, when these metals exist beyond the permissible limits, they cause ecological damage and constitute threat to human health. Freshwater prawns, including Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, are bio-indicators of metal pollution. M. vollenhovenii is an important source of protein and abundant in the Asejire Lake, which serves as a major source of drinking water to people living around the Lake. Aims: This study was therefore designed to examine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) in water, sediment and different sizes of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in Asejire Lake, southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Quarterly sampling of M. vollenhovenii, water and sediment was conducted on Asejire Lake in the months of November, February and May. Analysis of the selected heavy metals in the various samples was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Bioaccumulation Factors (BAF) of the metals were also determined. Results: Heavy metals concentration in prawns was in this order: Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cd. Ranked mean concentration of heavy metals in different prawn sizes was large > small > medium. There was no significant difference, at p > 0.05, among heavy metals concentrations in different prawn sizes, except in Cadmium. Pb, Cu and Zn were detected in water, while all the five metals were detected in sediment. Large prawns bioaccumulated the most heavy metals while medium prawns bioaccumulated the least. Cu was the most bioaccumulated heavy metal. Concentrations of Mn, Pb, Cu and Cd were above the FAO limit for prawn; concentrations of Cu and Zn in water were below the WHO limit, while Pb was above the limit. Concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were lower than the FAO limit. Conclusion: These results suggest that prawns and water from Asejire Lake are not safe for human consumption, and it is recommended that proper managerial policy be put in place to check the influx of these metals into the Lake. Keywords: Heavy Metals, Size, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, Asejire Lake

Stochastic progamming in the mid-term operations planning of an oil refinery

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Nascimento ◽  
Helder Venceslau ◽  
Adilson Xavier ◽  
Virgílio Ferreira Filho ◽  
Leonidas Sakalauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Programming ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Operations Planning ◽  
The Impact

Oil refining is a series of processes that aim to separate the crude oil into pre-standardized fractions. The way these processes can be combined result in a variety of schemes where each one can be used as a production plan. This work presents a methodology, based upon stochastic programming (SP), that support the decision makers in the mid-term operations planning of an oil refinery. Results generated by running a multi-period two-stage SP model are used to measure the impact on the economic efficiency when not considering the randomness of the demand and the receipt of crude oil.

scholarly journals Korelasi Total Kandungan Hidrokarbon pada Air dan Sedimen di Perairan Sungai Donan, Segara Anakan Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Fahrizal Dwi Amri ◽  
Chrisna Adhi Suryono ◽  
Wilis Ari Setyati
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon Content

ABSTRAK : Industri besar yang berada di Cilacap salah satunya adalah industri minyak dan gas (MIGAS) PT. Pertamina Refinery Unit IV Cilacap, dimana lokasi ini berada di sekitar perairan Sungai Donan yang menjadi objek penilitian. Aktivitas industri yang berada di dekat perairan dapat menyebabkan perairan mengalami pencemaran. Senyawa hidrokarbon adalah salah satu bahan yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran pada suatu perairan, senyawa ini merupakan senyawa dominan penyususun minyak bumi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan kandungan total hidrokarbon pada air dan sedimen di perairan Sungai Donan, Cilacap. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di perairan Sungai Donan Kabupaten Cilacap pada bulan Februari 2019 - April 2019. Lokasi penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga stasiun yaitu Stasiun A (dekat hulu), B (muara Kali Anget), C (muara Sungai Donan). Sample yang diambil yaitu Air permukaan dan sedimen setiap stasiun dengan tiga kali pengulangan setiap stasiun. Kandungan total hidrokarbon pada air di Sungai Donan yang tertinggi berada di Stasiun C sebesar 2.07 mg/L, kemudian di stasiun A sebesar 0.63 mg/L dan kandungan yang terendah pada Stasiun B sebesar 0.22 mg/L. Kandungan total hidrokarbon pada sedimen berbanding lurus dengan air, kandungan yang tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun C sebesar 574.39 mg/kg, kemudian di stasiun A sebesar 497.11 mg/kg, dan kandungan yang terendah di Stasiun B sebesar 261.40 mg/kg. Kandungan total hidrokarbon pada air di semua stasiun masih di bawah batas ambang baku mutu, sedangkan kandungan pada sedimen di semua stasiun sudah melewati baku mutu yang sudah ditetapkan.ABSTRACT: One of the large oil and gas industry in Cilacap is PT. Pertamina Refinery Unit IV Cilacap, where the location is located around the waters of the Donan River which becomes the object of the research. Industrial activities near the water can cause pollution. Hydrocarbon compounds are one of the ingredients that can cause pollution to water. This compound is the dominant compound of petroleum. The purpose of this research is to know the total content of hydrocarbons in water and sediment in the waters of Donan River, Cilacap. This study was held in the Donan River waters of Cilacap Regency in February 2019-April 2019. The location used in this research is divided into three stations: A station (near the upstream), B (Kali Anget estuary), C (Donan River estuary). The Sample is the surface water and sediment in each station that is repeated three times. The total content of hydrocarbons in water of the highest Donan river was at C station 2.07 mg/L, then at station A of 0.63 mg/L and the lowest content at station B amounted to 0.22 mg/L. Total hydrocarbon content in sediment is directly proportional to water. the highest content found at the C station amounted to 574.39 mg/kg, then at station A of 497.11 mg/kg, and the lowest content at station B amounted to 261.40 mg/kg. The total content of hydrocarbons in water at all stations is still below the threshold of quality standards, while the content on the sediment at all stations has passed the quality standards that is already set.

scholarly journals Drastic corrosive coliation of petroleum oils and the decay of metals

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Suresh Aluvihara ◽  
Jagath Premachandra
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Initial Hardness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Petroleum Oils

In the industry of petroleum oil refining industry the term of corrosion is frequently applicable regarding the several incidents because of the corrosiveness of petroleum oils due to the presence of trace corrosive compounds in such petroleum oils since the occurrences. Usually the corrosion is the results of chemical or electrochemical process of metals when it is exposing to the corrosive environment. The investigations of the impact of the organic acids, salts, elemental sulfur and the Mercaptans on the corrosion rates of seven different types of ferrous metals and the analysis of the nature of the corrosion between these materials were the objectives of the existing research. The relevant corrosive properties of two different types of selected crude oils and the chemical compositions of selected seven different types of ferrous metals were tested by the standard methods and instruments. A batch of similar sized metal coupons was immersed in both crude oil samples separately as three homogeneous metal coupons per each crude oil container. In order of after 15, 30 and 45 days from the immersion the corrosion rates of such metal coupons were determined by the weight loss method as three sets of samples while observing the corroded metal surfaces through an optical microscope. In addition, the decay of ferrous and copper from metals into crude oils while the interaction and the deductions of the initial hardness of metals were tested. As the basic investigations there were observed the relatively lower corrosion rates from stainless steels, relatively higher impact from salts on the metallic corrosion at lower temperatures, formations of FeS, Fe2O3, corrosion cracks and pitting, significant decays of ferrous and copper from some metals and the slight reductions of the initial hardness of metals after the interaction with the petroleum oils.

scholarly journals The impact of the nutritional supplement “ERAMIN” on the heavy metal content in meat and offals

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
V. M. Poznyakovskiy ◽  
Sergey L. Tikhonov ◽  
N. V. Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
The Impact

There was performed an experimental study on the reduction of heavy metals in meat and products of slaughter cattle. For the experiment, according to the principle of analogues there were formed two groups of 15 Hereford calves each: 1 - control, 2 - experimental. Calves from the second group, in addition to the basic diet from the age of 3 months received dietary supplement "Eramin" in a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight for 10 days every 3 months throughout the period of growing and fattening. In that the content of heavy metals in the meat of calves is established to fail to exceed the MPC. The amount of copper, iron and nickel in the control group exceeded average by 93,2 and 77,8%, respectively. The nickel content in muscle longissimus dorsi of the control group is 0,046 mg/kg, which is 5,6 times above the average. Against the background of the use of "Eramin" in the ration of calves in meat there was shown a significant (P ≤ 0,05) decrease in iron, cadmium and lead 12,0; 9,8 and 11,4%, respectively.

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