scholarly journals Seasonal and Sexual Differences in the Microbiota of the Hoopoe Uropygial Secretion

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Rodríguez-Ruano ◽  
Manuel Martín-Vivaldi ◽  
Juan Peralta-Sánchez ◽  
Ana García-Martín ◽  
Ángela Martínez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Uropygial Gland ◽  
Molecular Fingerprinting ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Uropygial Secretion

The uropygial gland of hoopoe nestlings and nesting females hosts bacterial symbionts that cause changes in the characteristics of its secretion, including an increase of its antimicrobial activity. These changes occur only in nesting individuals during the breeding season, possibly associated with the high infection risk experienced during the stay in the hole-nests. However, the knowledge on hoopoes uropygial gland microbial community dynamics is quite limited and based so far on culture-dependent and molecular fingerprinting studies. In this work, we sampled wild and captive hoopoes of different sex, age, and reproductive status, and studied their microbiota using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and pyrosequencing. Surprisingly, we found a complex bacterial community in all individuals (including non-nesting ones) during the breeding season. Nevertheless, dark secretions from nesting hoopoes harbored significantly higher bacterial density than white secretions from breeding males and both sexes in winter. We hypothesize that bacterial proliferation may be host-regulated in phases of high infection risk (i.e., nesting). We also highlight the importance of specific antimicrobial-producing bacteria present only in dark secretions that may be key in this defensive symbiosis. Finally, we discuss the possible role of environmental conditions in shaping the uropygial microbiota, based on differences found between wild and captive hoopoes.

Active and total microbial community dynamics and the role of functional genes bamA and mcrA during anaerobic digestion of phenol and p-cresol

2018 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Franchi ◽  
Patricia Bovio ◽  
Eduardo Ortega-Martínez ◽  
Francisca Rosenkranz ◽  
Rolando Chamy
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics

scholarly journals Hantavirus infections in fluctuating host populations: the role of maternal antibodies

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1701) ◽  
pp. 3783-3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva R. Kallio ◽  
Michael Begon ◽  
Heikki Henttonen ◽  
Esa Koskela ◽  
Tapio Mappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Maternal Protection ◽  
First Time

Infected females may transfer maternal antibodies (MatAbs) to their offspring, which may then be transiently protected against infections the mother has encountered. However, the role of maternal protection in infectious disease dynamics in wildlife has largely been neglected. Here, we investigate the effects of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV)-specific MatAbs on PUUV dynamics, using 7 years' data from a cyclic bank vole population in Finland. For the first time to our knowledge, we partition seropositivity data from a natural population into separate dynamic patterns for MatAbs and infection. The likelihood of young of the year carrying PUUV-specific MatAbs during the breeding season correlated positively with infection prevalence in the overwintered parent population in the preceding spring. The probability of PUUV infection varied between seasons (highest in spring, lowest in late summer) and depended on population structure, but was also, in late autumn, notably, negatively related to summer MatAb prevalence, as well as to infection prevalence earlier in the breeding season. Hence, our results suggest that high infection prevalence in the early breeding season leads to a high proportion of transiently immune young individuals, which causes delays in transmission. This suggests, in turn, that MatAb protection has the potential to affect infection dynamics in natural populations.

scholarly journals Campylobacter Colonization of the Turkey Intestine in the Context of Microbial Community Development

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 3564-3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra J. Scupham
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Molecular Fingerprinting ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics ◽  
Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Developmental Phases

ABSTRACT Patterns of microbial community dynamics in the turkey intestine were examined. Every week of the 18-week production cycle, cecal bacterial communities and Campylobacter loads were examined from five birds for each of two flocks. Molecular fingerprinting via the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the cecal samples revealed that microbial communities changed in a time-dependent manner, and during both trials they developed via transition through three phases during the production cycle. A core component of the microbiota consisting of 11 Bacteroidetes types was present throughout both trials. In contrast, constant succession was detected in the Clostridiales populations until week 10 or 11, with few shared sequences between the flocks. Changes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli loads were correlated to, but not dependent on, the two acute transitions delimiting the three developmental phases.

scholarly journals Assessing the microbial community dynamics and the role of bacteriophages in bacterial mortality in Lake Geneva

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Duhamel ◽  
Isabelle Domaizon-Pialat ◽  
Sébastien Personnic ◽  
Stéphan Jacquet
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lake Geneva ◽  
Bacterial Mortality ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Evidence

SummaryThe aims of this work were to study, for the first time, the succession of microbial communities (from viruses to ciliates) in the largest occidental European lake (Lake Geneva) and to perform two one-weekin situexperiments in March-April (Exp1) and May (Exp2) 2004 in order to assess both small flagellate protozoan and virus-induced mortality of heterotrophic bacteria. Both nanoflagellates and viruses could be responsible for 31 to 42% of the total daily mortality of heterotrophic bacteria. In May (Exp2), viruses could explain up to 10% of the bacterial mortality whereas flagellates were responsible for 32% of the bacterioplankton removal. These results provide new evidence for the critical role played by viruses in the functioning of the microbial food webs and highlight the importance of further considering this biological compartment for a better understanding of the plankton ecology of Lake Geneva.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infection Risk and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults During Quarantine: The Moderating Role of Grit and Social Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hou ◽  
Qingyun Yu ◽  
Xiaoyu Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Moderating Role

Prior research has demonstrated that the adverse consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may go beyond its economic hardships and physical health concerns, having a significant influence on psychological distress for individuals under quarantine. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been paid to exploring the risk and protective factors in the link between COVID-19 infection risk and psychological distress among young adults. Following a socioecological framework, the current study examines the moderating role of grit (perseverance and consistency) and social support in the association between COVID-19 infection risk and depressive symptoms. A sample of 1,251 young adults under home quarantine (62.6% female; Mage = 20.92 years, SD = 1.47; age ranged from 18 to 25 years) was involved in this study, and they were asked to complete a set of self-reported questionnaires online. Results of a linear regression analysis exhibited that COVID-19 infection risk was positively associated with depressive symptoms in young adults in quarantine. Moreover, moderation analyses showed that this association was moderated by perseverance and social support. To be specific, for those reporting higher levels of social support, this linkage was not significantly positive; in contrast, for those reporting lower levels of social support, perseverance was a significant protective factor for depressive symptoms when young adults were exposed to a high infection risk of COVID-19. The current study suggests that greater social support is essential to helping young adults deal with possible negative emotions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, university-based counseling services should pay specific attention to those young adults with relatively insufficient social support resources and low levels of perseverance.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome of an unindustrialized population have characteristic enrichment of SNPs in species and functions with the succession of seasons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyue Qin ◽  
Chongyang Tan ◽  
Kang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Genome Level ◽  
Specific Species

AbstractMost studies investigating human gut microbiome dynamics are conducted in modern populations. However, unindustrialized populations are arguably better subjects in answering human-gut microbiome coevolution questions due to their lower exposure to antibiotics and higher dependence on natural resources. Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have been found to exhibit high biodiversity and seasonal patterns in their gut microbiome composition at family level, where some taxa disappear in one season and reappear at later time. However, such seasonal changes have previously been profiled only according to species abundances, with genome-level variant dynamics unexplored. As a result it is still elusive how microbial communities change at the genome-level under environmental pressures caused by seasonal changes. Here, a strain-level SNP analysis of Hadza gut metagenome is performed for 40 Hadza fecal samples collected in three seasons. First, we benchmarked three SNP calling tools based on simulated sequencing reads, and selected VarScan2 that has highest accuracy and sensitivity after a filtering step. Second, we applied VarScan2 on Hadza gut microbiome, with results showing that: with more SNP presented in wet season in general, eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichments in wet season of which only three species have relatively high abundances. This indicates that SNP characteristics are independent of species abundances, and provides us a unique lens towards microbial community dynamics. Finally, we identify 83 genes with the most characteristic SNP distributions between wet season and dry season. Many of these genes are from Ruminococcus obeum, and mainly from metabolic pathways like carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis, as shown by KEGG annotation. This implies that the seasonal changes might indirectly impact the mutational patterns for specific species and functions for gut microbiome of an unindustrialized population, indicating the role of these variants in their adaptation to the changing environment and diets.ImportanceBy analyzing the changes of SNP enrichments in different seasons, we have found that SNP characteristics are independent of species abundances, and could provide us a unique lens towards microbial community dynamics at the genomic level. Many of the genes in microbiome also presented characteristic SNP distributions between wet season and dry season, indicating the role of variants in specific species in their adaptation to the changing environment for an unindustrialized population.

scholarly journals Prokaryotic community shifts during soil formation on sands in the tundra zone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Zhelezova ◽  
Timofey Chernov ◽  
Azida Tkhakakhova ◽  
Natalya Xenofontova ◽  
Mikhail Semenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Tundra Zone ◽  
Microbial Community Dynamics ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Prokaryotic Diversity

AbstractA chronosequence approach,i.e., a comparison of spatially distinct plots with different stages of succession, is commonly used for studying microbial community dynamics during paedogenesis. The successional traits of prokaryotic communities following sand fixation processes have previously been characterized for arid and semi-arid regions, but they have not been considered for the tundra zone, where the environmental conditions are unfavourable for the establishment of complicated biocoenoses. In this research, we characterized the prokaryotic diversity and abundance of microbial genes found in a typical tundra and wooded tundra along a gradient of increasing vegetation – unfixed aeolian sand, semi-fixed surfaces with mosses and lichens, and mature soil under fully developed plant cover. Microbial communities from typical tundra and wooded tundra plots at three stages of sand fixation were compared using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries. The abundances of ribosomal genes increased gradually in both chronosequences, and a similar trend was observed for the functional genes related to the nitrogen cycle (nifH, bacterialamoA, nirKandnirS). The relative abundance ofPlanctomycetesincreased, while those ofThaumarchaeota, CyanobacteriaandChloroflexidecreased from unfixed sands to mature soils. According to β-diversity analysis, prokaryotic communities of unfixed sands were more heterogeneous compared to those of mature soils. Despite the differences in the plant cover of the two mature soils, the structural compositions of the prokaryotic communities were shaped in the same way.

Testing ecological release as a compensating mechanism for mass mortality in a keystone predator

2020 ◽  
Vol 637 ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sullivan-Stack ◽  
BA Menge
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Ecological Release ◽  
Keystone Predator ◽  
Pisaster Ochraceus ◽  
Wasting Syndrome

Top predator decline has been ubiquitous across systems over the past decades and centuries, and predicting changes in resultant community dynamics is a major challenge for ecologists and managers. Ecological release predicts that loss of a limiting factor, such as a dominant competitor or predator, can release a species from control, thus allowing increases in its size, density, and/or distribution. The 2014 sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS) outbreak decimated populations of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus along the Oregon coast, USA. This event provided an opportunity to test the predictions of ecological release across a broad spatial scale and determine the role of competitive dynamics in top predator recovery. We hypothesized that after P. ochraceus loss, populations of the subordinate sea star Leptasterias sp. would grow larger, more abundant, and move downshore. We based these predictions on prior research in Washington State showing that Leptasterias sp. competed with P. ochraceus for food. Further, we predicted that ecological release of Leptasterias sp. could provide a bottleneck to P. ochraceus recovery. Using field surveys, we found no clear change in density or distribution in Leptasterias sp. populations post-SSWS, and decreases in body size. In a field experiment, we found no evidence of competition between similar-sized Leptasterias sp. and P. ochraceus. Thus, the mechanisms underlying our predictions were not in effect along the Oregon coast, which we attribute to differences in habitat overlap and food availability between the 2 regions. Our results suggest that response to the loss of a dominant competitor can be unpredictable even when based in theory and previous research.

scholarly journals Cyclo-oxygenase 2, a putative mediator of vessel remodeling, is expressed in the brain AVM vessels and associates with inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Keränen ◽  
Santeri Suutarinen ◽  
Rahul Mallick ◽  
Johanna P. Laakkonen ◽  
Diana Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Vessel Remodeling ◽  
Brain Avm ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cox2 Expression

Abstract Background Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) may rupture causing disability or death. BAVM vessels are characterized by abnormally high flow that in general triggers expansive vessel remodeling mediated by cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2), the target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We investigated whether COX2 is expressed in bAVMs and whether it associates with inflammation and haemorrhage in these lesions. Methods Tissue was obtained from surgery of 139 bAVMs and 21 normal Circle of Willis samples. The samples were studied with immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clinical data was collected from patient records. Results COX2 expression was found in 78% (109/139) of the bAVMs and localized to the vessels’ lumen or medial layer in 70% (95/135) of the bAVMs. Receptors for prostaglandin E2, a COX2-derived mediator of vascular remodeling, were found in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells and perivascular inflammatory cells of bAVMs. COX2 was expressed by infiltrating inflammatory cells and correlated with the extent of inflammation (r = .231, p = .007, Spearman rank correlation). COX2 expression did not associate with haemorrhage. Conclusion COX2 is induced in bAVMs, and possibly participates in the regulation of vessel wall remodelling and ongoing inflammation. Role of COX2 signalling in the pathobiology and clinical course of bAVMs merits further studies.

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