scholarly journals Occurrence and Activity of Roe Deer in Urban Forests of Warsaw

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Karolina D. Jasińska ◽  
Mateusz Jackowiak ◽  
Jakub Gryz ◽  
Szymon Bijak ◽  
Katarzyna Szyc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
High Level

Human presence or activities are perceived by animals as those associated with predation risk so activity and exploration patterns of animals should be shaped by indices of anthropogenic disturbances. The high level of human disturbances is noticed in big cities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of roe deer in Warsaw and its activity in the Warsaw urban forests. We used snow tracking on transect routes (winter seasons 2016, 2017, 2018; 115.1 km in total) to determine roe deer occurrence in four habitats: forests, open areas, parks, and built-up areas. The number of tracks was highest in forests (4.6 tracks/1 km/24 h), followed by open areas, built-up areas, and parks. We used camera traps to determine the activity of roe deer in selected urban forests. We collected 697 observations of roe deer in Warsaw forests in the years 2016–2019 (per 4826 trap-days in total). The peak of roe deer activity was noticed between 4:00 and 5:00 a.m. Animals were least active at 1:00–2:00 p.m. and between 11:00 p.m.–01:00 a.m. Our research showed that roe deer inhabiting the urban area avoided human presence by using well-covered habitats and being active in periods when humans’ disturbances’ level is lower.

scholarly journals Automation of the one-storey underground parking space organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 06012
Author(s):  
Natalia Knyazeva ◽  
Anastasia Kolosova
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Space Organization ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The One

With the growing car population in big cities, the problem of its keeping in conditions of a compact urban area has happened. The organisation of parking space in a different way has resolved this issue. Underground parking was in demand in many countries even in the XX century. By the way, they are becoming more and more popular now. The design of car parking is based on legal documents, which regulate the size of car parking seats and the width of the passage inside the garage. It is expedient to use evolutionary algorithms as one of the tools of algorithmic modelling for automation of design the car parking lots and for identifying the most effective and profitable way of the car parking space planning. So, the process of looking for the most optimal solution in underground car parking designing.

scholarly journals Ecological and Behavioral Drivers of Supplemental Feeding Use by Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus in a Peri-Urban Context

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2088
Author(s):  
Federico Ossi ◽  
Nathan Ranc ◽  
Paul Moorcroft ◽  
Priscilla Bonanni ◽  
Francesca Cagnacci
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Use Of Resources

Winter supplemental feeding of ungulates potentially alters their use of resources and ecological interactions, yet relatively little is known about the patterns of feeding sites use by target populations. We used camera traps to continuously monitor winter and spring feeding site use in a roe deer population living in a peri-urban area in Northern Italy. We combined circular statistics with generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyze the diel and seasonal pattern of roe deer visits to feeding sites, and the behavioral drivers influencing visit duration. Roe deer visits peaked at dawn and dusk, and decreased from winter to spring when vegetation regrows and temperature increases. Roe deer mostly visited feeding sites solitarily; when this was not the case, they stayed longer at the site, especially when conspecifics were eating, but maintained a bimodal diel pattern of visits. These results support an opportunistic use of feeding sites, following seasonal cycles and the roe deer circadian clock. Yet, the attractiveness of these artificial resources has the potential to alter intra-specific relationships, as competition for their use induces gatherings and may extend the contact time between individuals, with potential behavioral and epidemiological consequences.

Family planning in Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea 1981

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Ideal Family Size ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Ideal

SummaryA summary of 298 male and 358 female respondents in the Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea in 1981 revealed a relatively high level of contraceptive awareness, but the level of contraceptive use is low. However, the overall current usages of non-traditional methods for the wives of the male and for the female respondents are 34–2% and 37% respectively. The male and the female respondents have the same views on the ideal family size—approximately three children.

Living and dying in a multi-predator landscape of fear: roe deer are squeezed by contrasting pattern of predation risk imposed by lynx and humans

Oikos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lone ◽  
Leif Egil Loe ◽  
Terje Gobakken ◽  
John D. C. Linnell ◽  
John Odden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Landscape Of Fear

scholarly journals Wariness of coyotes to camera traps relative to social status and territory boundaries

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline S Séquin ◽  
Michael M Jaeger ◽  
Peter F Brussard ◽  
Reginald H Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Canis Latrans ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Approach Response ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Camera Systems ◽  
Set Up

The primary objective of this study was to develop a better understanding of coyote (Canis latrans) wariness particularly as it related to social status. We determined that territory status (controlling alpha, resident beta, or nonterritorial transient) affected vulnerability to photo-capture by infrared-triggered camera systems. All coyotes were wary of cameras, leading to relatively low numbers of photo-captures, most of which occurred at night. Alphas were significantly underrepresented in photographs and were never photo-captured inside their own territories. Betas were photographed inside and outside their territories, whereas transients were most often photographed on edges of territories. Both alphas and betas were photographed more often on territorial edges when outside their territories. We next addressed the question of how alphas were better able to avoid photo-capture. Alphas tracked human activity within their territories and presumably learned the locations of cameras as they were being set up. They did this either by approaching our location directly or by moving to a vantage point from where they could observe us. Betas and transients either withdrew or did not respond to human activity. Trials in which a dog was present were more likely to elicit an approach response from alphas. Avoidance of camera stations and the tracking of human activity implied wariness toward objects or locations resulting from their learned association with human presence rather than neophobia toward the objects themselves.

Does habitat type modify group size in roe deer and red deer under predation risk by Iberian wolves?

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Barja ◽  
S. Rosellini
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Antipredator Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grouping Behavior

We examined whether group size in red deer ( Cervus elaphus L., 1758) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)) under predation risk by Iberian wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) is affected by the type of habitat in which the deer reside. We hypothesized that group size (i) would be larger in open than in closed habitats, since it is an antipredator response, and (ii) would vary more with habitat type in the species that had higher wolf predation rates. In the study area, wolves were the only predator of wild ungulates, with roe deer being the main target prey. We performed monthly transects along paths to observe the group size of red and roe deer. In roe deer, the mean group size was significantly higher in open than in closed habitats, serving as an antipredator response. However, in red deer, habitat type did not affect group size. The results indicate that under predation risk by wolves the habitat type influences the grouping behavior of roe deer but not red deer. Furthermore, compared with forests, heaths offer less protection from predators and species in this habitat would benefit from larger group sizes.

Air pollution and health condition of inhabitants of big cities in Śląskie Voivodship

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Zofia Mielecka-Kubień ◽  
Andrzej Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Big cities in Śląskie Voivodship, especially those from the territory of the former Upper Silesian Industrial District, are characterised by a high level of industrialization, relatively high standard of living and very high level of environmental pollution. The aim of the study described in this paper is to assess the levels of selected types of air pollution in big cities in Śląskie Voivodship and to compare them against chosen reports on the health condition of the population of the voivodship in the years 2014–2016. The study was based on data from the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection and Statistics Poland. The comparison of selected indicators of the health condition of the populations in the studied cities against their levels of air pollution demonstrated that in cities where air pollution reached the highest levels, the values of indicators of mortality were also the highest, whereas the values of indicators of life expectancy of newborn babies were the lowest. The worst situation regarding both the air pollution and health condition was observed in Chorzów, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Rybnik, and the best in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy.

scholarly journals Seropathotypes, Phylogroups, Stx Subtypes, and Intimin Types of Wildlife-Carried, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains with the Same Characteristics as Human-Pathogenic Isolates

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 2578-2585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azucena Mora ◽  
Cecilia López ◽  
Ghizlane Dhabi ◽  
Ana M. López-Beceiro ◽  
Luís E. Fidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
High Level ◽  
Bovine Feces

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) strains in wildlife that have spread in Europe, living near human settlements; to analyze their epidemiological role in maintenance and transmission to domestic livestock; and to assess the potential health risk of wildlife-carried strains. STEC strains were recovered from 53% of roe deer, 8.4% of wild boars, and 1.9% of foxes sampled in the northwest of Spain (Galicia). Of the 40 serotypes identified, 21 were classified as seropathotypes associated with human disease, accounting for 81.5% of the wildlife-carried STEC strains, including the enterohemorrhagic serotypes O157:H7-D-eae-γ1, O26:[H11]-B1-eae-β1, O121:H19-B1-eae-ε1, and O145:[H28]-D-eae-γ1. None of the wildlife-carried strains belonged to the highly pathogenic serotype O104:H4-B1 from the recent Germany outbreak. Forty percent of wildlife-carried STEC strains shared serotypes, phylogroups, intimin types, and Stx profiles with isolates from human patients from the same geographic area. Furthermore, wildlife-carried strains belonging to serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, O76:H19-B1, O145:[H28]-D, O146:H21-B1, and O157:H7-D showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles with >85% similarity to human-pathogenic STEC strains. We also found a high level of similarity among STEC strains of serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, and O145:HNM-D of bovine (feces and beef) and wildlife origins. Interestingly, O146:H21-B1, the second most frequently detected serotype in this study, is commonly associated with human diarrhea and isolated from beef and vegetables sold in Galicia. Importantly, at least 3 STEC isolates from foxes (O5:HNM-A-eae-β1, O98:[H21]-B1-eae-ζ1, and O146:[H21]-B1) showed characteristics similar to those of human STEC strains. In conclusion, roe deer, wild boar, and fox in Galicia are confirmed to be carriers of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans and seem to play an important role in the maintenance of STEC.

scholarly journals The examination of roe deer feeding on agricultural and woody habitats in winter

2008 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Tamás Barta
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Plant Abundance ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Mouth Size ◽  
High Level ◽  
Micro Organisms

sorting because the micro organisms, which help the digestion of high fibre plants, are missing in his stomack, that is why they are mostly called „concentrate selectors” (Hoffmann, 1985, 1988, 1989).These animals should mostly eat easily digestable plants with high nutrition level (pulses, buds, sprouts and flowers), and they are able to do this sorting because of their mouth size. In winter there is a lack of these plants, so the high selectivity occurs only when the feed is in abbundance.Examining the amount and quality of vegetation available on the habitat of roe deer we can identify the species which can satisfy their feed demand. It is known, that roe deer as other large ruminants, from the plant abundance prefer certain plants and plant parts while there are others which are avoided. The identification of the eaten species and the rate of their occurrence in the feed is the first step to become acquainted with the interaction between animal and the surroundings.On the examined territories there was significant difference between the disembowelled body masses. The does which come from the hunt Nagyszénás weighed 4-5 kilos more than the does from the Csongrád territory. The main feed components were present in different rate in the samples of the territories, in the Nagyszénás samples grain, dicotyledonous herbacous plants were dominant, and were eaten more. The high level of grain in the feed result in better condition and larger body mass.

scholarly journals RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DALAM PERSPEKTIF JASA EKOSISTEM (STUDI KASUS RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU KAWASAN PERKOTAAN YOGYAKARTA)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
GISKA PARWA MANIKASARI
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
City Parks ◽  
Highest Weight

Green Open Spaces have a variety of ecosystem services of which can be utilized by society. This study aims are to identify green open space criteria value for determining ecosystem services, to study the conditions and distributions of ecosystem service potentials of Green Open Spaces in Urban Area of Yogyakarta, and optimize Green Open Spaces in the Urban Area of Yogyakarta in the perspective of ecosystem services. The research locations included Green Open Spaces of Urban Area of Yogyakarta consisting of urban forests type, city parks, river borders, and road greenbelts, comprising of twelve research locations. The identification of the criteria for Green Open Spaces was done using the expert judgment and pairwise comparison methods resulting in weight values. In each observation location, a plot was made for monitoring the conditions of each Green Open Space criterion using a score. The data from the field and the assessment by experts were analyzed by means of scoring analysis to find out the level of ecosystem services in each research location and they were further descriptively and deductively analyzed by taking account of the area allotment and the available regulations to attain the conditions of Green Open Spaces with optimal ecosystem services. The results of the study show that of the sixteen criteria under study, each plays a role in ecosystem services. The values of ecosystem services of Green Open Spaces in KPY show different values for each type of Green Open Spaces. In general, the types of urban forests, including Urban Forest of Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, and Arboretum of Gembira Loka Zoo, have ecosystem services in the high category for the eleven ecosystem services, while the types of Green Open Spaces of city parks, including Denggung Park, Gajah Wong Educational Park, and Lalu Lintas Park, and riverbanks, including Code’s riverbank, Gajah Wong’s riverbank, and Winongo’s riverbank, on the average have ecosystem service va lues in the moderate category, and the types of Green Open Spaces of street greenbelts, including greenbelt of Jalan Magelang, greenbelt of Jalan Cik Di Tiro, and greenbelt of Jalan Malioboro, all have ecosystem service values in the low category. Based on the results, optimalize Green Open Spaces in KPY in the perspective of ecosystem services can be done by optimizing each criteria with the highest weight value adjusted to the allotment of each type of Green Open Spaces and the regulations related to Green Open Spaces.

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