A Computational Biomechanics Human Body Model Coupling Finite Element and Multibody Segments for Assessment of Head/Brain Injuries in Car-To-Pedestrian Collisions

It has been challenging to efficiently and accurately reproduce pedestrian head/brain injury, which is one of the most important causes of pedestrian deaths in road traffic accidents, due to the limitations of existing pedestrian computational models, and the complexity of accidents. In this paper, a new coupled pedestrian computational biomechanics model (CPCBM) for head safety study is established via coupling two existing commercial pedestrian models. The head–neck complex of the CPCBM is from the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Japan) (Version 4.01) finite element model and the rest of the parts of the body are from the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands) (Version 7.5) multibody model. The CPCBM was validated in terms of head kinematics and injury by reproducing three cadaveric tests published in the literature, and a correlation and analysis (CORA) objective rating tool was applied to evaluate the correlation of the related signals between the predictions using the CPCBM and the test results. The results show that the CPCBM head center of gravity (COG) trajectories in the impact direction (YOZ plane) strongly agree with the experimental results (CORA ratings: Y = 0.99 ± 0.01; Z = 0.98 ± 0.01); the head COG velocity with respect to the test vehicle correlates well with the test data (CORA ratings: 0.85 ± 0.05); however, the correlation of the acceleration is less strong (CORA ratings: 0.77 ± 0.06). No significant differences in the behavior in predicting the head kinematics and injuries of the tested subjects were observed between the TNO model and CPCBM. Furthermore, the application of the CPCBM leads to substantial reduction of the computation time cost in reproducing the pedestrian head tissue level injuries, compared to the full-scale finite element model, which suggests that the CPCBM could present an efficient tool for pedestrian brain-injury research.

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Brain Injury Prediction for Indy Race Car Drivers Using Finite Element Model of the Human Head

10.4271/2004-01-3539 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Liying Zhang ◽

Paul Begeman ◽

John W. Melvin

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Human Head ◽

Element Model ◽

Injury Prediction ◽

Race Car ◽

Race Car Drivers

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Behavior of Structures Using Simple Plastic Hinge Theory

20th Design Automation Conference: Volume 1 — Dynamic Mechanical Systems; Geometric Modeling and Features; Concurrent Engineering ◽

10.1115/detc1994-0088 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

Ramakrishnan Maruthayappan ◽

Hamid M. Lankarani

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Cantilever Beam ◽

Reliable Method ◽

Plastic Hinge ◽

Element Model ◽

Finite Element Models ◽

Computational Program ◽

Hinge Model ◽

The Impact

Abstract The behavior of structures under the impact or crash situations demands an efficient modeling of the system for its behavior to be predicted close to practical situations. The various formulations that are possible to model such systems are spring mass models, finite element models and plastic hinge models. Of these three techniques, the plastic hinge theory offers a more accurate model compared to the spring mass formulation and is much simpler than the finite element models. Therefore, it is desired to model the structure using plastic hinges and to use a computational program to predict the behavior of structures. In this paper, the behavior of some simple structures, ranging from an elementary cantilever beam to a torque box are predicted. It is also shown that the plastic hinge theory is a reliable method by comparing the results obtained from a plastic hinge model of an aviation seat structure with that obtained from a finite element model.

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Experimentally validated predictive finite element modeling of the V0-V100 probabilistic penetration response of a Kevlar fabric against a spherical projectile

International Journal of Protective Structures ◽

10.1177/2041419618776332 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 504-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gaurav Nilakantan

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Finite Element Modeling ◽

Element Model ◽

Ballistic Impact ◽

Impact Testing ◽

Woven Fabric ◽

Projectile Impact ◽

Element Modeling ◽

The Impact

This work presents the first fully validated and predictive finite element modeling framework to generate the probabilistic penetration response of an aramid woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact. This response is defined by a V0-V100 curve that describes the probability of complete fabric penetration as a function of projectile impact velocity. The exemplar case considered in this article comprises a single-layer, fully clamped, plain-weave Kevlar fabric impacted at the center by a 0.22 cal spherical steel projectile. The fabric finite element model comprises individually modeled three-dimensional warp and fill yarns and is validated against the experimental material microstructure. Sources of statistical variability including yarn strength and modulus, inter-yarn friction, and precise projectile impact location are mapped into the finite element model. A series of impact simulations at varying projectile impact velocities is executed using LS-DYNA on the fabric models, each comprising unique mappings. The impact velocities and outcomes (penetration, non-penetration) are used to generate the numerical V0-V100 curve which is then validated against the experimental V0-V100 curve obtained from ballistic impact testing and shown to be in excellent agreement. The experimental data and its statistical analysis used for model input and validation, namely, the Kevlar yarn tensile strengths and moduli, inter-yarn friction, and fabric ballistic impact testing, are also reported.

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Biomechanical Comparison of Real World Concussive Impacts in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4045808 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Lauren Dawson ◽

David Koncan ◽

Andrew Post ◽

Roger Zemek ◽

Michael D. Gilchrist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Brain Tissue ◽

Dynamic Models ◽

Element Model ◽

Tissue Response ◽

Model Simulations ◽

Child Group ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

The Impact

Abstract Accidental falls occur to people of all ages, with some resulting in concussive injury. At present, it is unknown whether children and adolescents are at a comparable risk of sustaining a concussion compared to adults. This study reconstructed the impact kinematics of concussive falls for children, adolescents, and adults and simulated the associated brain tissue deformations. Patients included in this study were diagnosed with a concussion as defined by the Zurich Consensus guidelines. Eleven child, 10 adolescent, and 11 adult falls were simulated using mathematical dynamic models(MADYMO), with three ellipsoid pedestrian models sized to each age group. Laboratory impact reconstruction was conducted using Hybrid III head forms, with finite element model simulations of the brain tissue response using recorded impact kinematics from the reconstructions. The results of the child group showed lower responses than the adolescent group for impact variables of impact velocity, peak linear acceleration, and peak rotational acceleration but no statistical differences existed for any other groups. Finite element model simulations showed the child group to have lower strain values than both the adolescent and adult groups. There were no statistical differences between the adolescent and adult groups for any variables examined in this study. With the cases included in this study, young children sustained concussive injuries at lower modeled brain strains than adolescents and adults, supporting the theory that children may be more susceptible to concussive impacts than adolescents or adults.

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Characterization of Adhesives Bonding in Aircraft Structures

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13214816 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 4816

Author(s):

Maria Grazia Romano ◽

Michele Guida ◽

Francesco Marulo ◽

Michela Giugliano Auricchio ◽

Salvatore Russo

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Composite Material ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Element Model ◽

Cohesive Zone Modeling ◽

Main Task ◽

Opening Displacement ◽

Lap Shear ◽

The Impact

Structural adhesives play an important role in aerospace manufacturing, since they provide fewer points of stress concentration compared to faster joints. The importance of adhesives in aerospace is increasing significantly because composites are being adopted to reduce weight and manufacturing costs. Furthermore, adhesive joints are also studied to determine the crashworthiness of airframe structure, where the main task for the adhesive is not to dissipate the impact energy, but to keep joint integrity so that the impact energy can be consumed by plastic work. Starting from an extensive campaign of experimental tests, a finite element model and a methodology are implemented to develop an accurate adhesive model in a single lap shear configuration. A single lap joint finite element model is built by MSC Apex, defining two specimens of composite material connected to each other by means of an adhesive; by the Digimat multi-scale modeling solution, the composite material is treated; and finally, by MSC’s Marc, the adhesive material is characterized as a cohesive applying the Cohesive Zone Modeling theory. The objective was to determine an appropriate methodology to predict interlaminar crack growth in composite laminates, defining the mixed mode traction separation law variability in function of the cohesive energy (Gc), the ratio between the shear strength τ and the tensile strength σ (β1), and the critical opening displacement υc.

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Vibration-based Bayesian model updating of civil engineering structures applying Gaussian process metamodel

Advances in Structural Engineering ◽

10.1177/1369433219858723 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (16) ◽

pp. 3487-3502

Author(s):

Hossein Moravej ◽

Tommy HT Chan ◽

Khac-Duy Nguyen ◽

Andre Jesus

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Bayesian Approach ◽

Model Updating ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Element Model ◽

The Body ◽

Structural Safety ◽

Discrepancy Function ◽

The Finite Element Model

Structural health monitoring plays a significant role in providing information regarding the performance of structures throughout their life spans. However, information that is directly extracted from monitored data is usually susceptible to uncertainties and not reliable enough to be used for structural investigations. Finite element model updating is an accredited framework that reliably identifies structural behavior. Recently, the modular Bayesian approach has emerged as a probabilistic technique in calibrating the finite element model of structures and comprehensively addressing uncertainties. However, few studies have investigated its performance on real structures. In this article, modular Bayesian approach is applied to calibrate the finite element model of a lab-scaled concrete box girder bridge. This study is the first to use the modular Bayesian approach to update the initial finite element model of a real structure for two states—undamaged and damaged conditions—in which the damaged state represents changes in structural parameters as a result of aging or overloading. The application of the modular Bayesian approach in the two states provides an opportunity to examine the performance of the approach with observed evidence. A discrepancy function is used to identify the deviation between the outputs of the experimental and numerical models. To alleviate computational burden, the numerical model and the model discrepancy function are replaced by Gaussian processes. Results indicate a significant reduction in the stiffness of concrete in the damaged state, which is identical to cracks observed on the body of the structure. The discrepancy function reaches satisfying ranges in both states, which implies that the properties of the structure are predicted accurately. Consequently, the proposed methodology contributes to a more reliable judgment about structural safety.

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A finite element model development for simulation of the impact of slab thickness, joints, and membranes on indoor radon concentration

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity ◽

10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.07.006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 177 ◽

pp. 280-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. Muñoz ◽

B. Frutos ◽

M. Olaya ◽

J. Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Radon Concentration ◽

Indoor Radon ◽

Model Development ◽

Element Model ◽

Slab Thickness ◽

Indoor Radon Concentration ◽

The Impact

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Structural Optimization Scheme for Horizontal Filtering Tank

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.310 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 577 ◽

pp. 310-313

Author(s):

Ping Yang ◽

Zhou De Qu ◽

Min Li

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Optimal Design ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Element Model ◽

Structural Instability ◽

Optimization Scheme ◽

Design Scheme ◽

Operation Process ◽

The Impact ◽

The Finite Element Model

Based on the impact of some horizontal filtering tank’s instability in operation process on production, the present paper discusses the optimal design scheme for horizontal filtering tank structure with the help of finite element. Theoretical guidance will be given to enterprise from the perspective of finite element for the purpose of improving the horizontal filtering tank through constructing the finite element model for horizontal filtering tank with Creo parametric software, conducting simulation with workbench software[1] and finally arriving at the reasonable design scheme after analysis, thus avoiding the structural instability caused by the over-constraint of structural leg support beam and filter plate under-constraint.

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Two-dimensional finite element model to study temperature distribution in peripheral regions of extended spherical human organs involving uniformly perfused tumors

International Journal of Biomathematics ◽

10.1142/s1793524515500746 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 08 (06) ◽

pp. 1550074 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Akshara Makrariya ◽

Neeru Adlakha

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Temperature Distribution ◽

Finite Element Model ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Element Model ◽

The Body ◽

Tissue Response ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Human Breast ◽

Peripheral Regions

Temperature as an indicator of tissue response is widely used in clinical applications. In view of above a problem of temperature distribution in peripheral regions of extended spherical organs of a human body like, human breast involving uniformly perfused tumor is investigated in this paper. The human breast is assumed to be spherical in shape with upper hemisphere projecting out from the trunk of the body and lower hemisphere is considered to be a part of the body core. The outer surface of the breast is assumed to be exposed to the environment from where the heat loss takes place by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. The heat transfer from core to the surface takes place by thermal conduction and blood perfusion. Also metabolic activity takes place at different rates in different layers of the breast. An elliptical-shaped tumor is assumed to be present in the dermis region of human breast. A finite element model is developed for a two-dimensional steady state case incorporating the important parameters like blood flow, metabolic activity and thermal conductivity. The triangular ring elements are employed to discretize the region. Appropriate boundary conditions are framed using biophysical conditions. The numerical results are used to study the effect of tumor on temperature distribution in the region.

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