scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater Contamination by Terbuthylazine Using Vadose Zone Numerical Models. Case Study of Valencia Province (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3280
Author(s):  
Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri ◽  
María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero ◽  
Eduardo Cassiraga ◽  
Leticia Ballesteros-Almonacid
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phreatic Surface

Terbuthylazine is commonly used as an herbicide to control weeds and prevent non-desirable grow of algae, fungi and bacteria in many agricultural applications. Despite its highly negative effects on human health, environmental modeling of this kind of pesticide in the vadose zone till reaching groundwater is still not being done on a regular basis. This work shows results obtained by two mathematical models (PESTAN and PRZM-GW) to explain terbuthylazine behavior in the non-saturated zone of a vertical soil column. One of the models use a one-dimensional analytical formulation to simulate the movement of terbuthylazine through the non-saturated soil to the phreatic surface. The second and more complex model uses a whole set of parameters to solve a modified version of the mass transport equation considering the combined effect of advection, dispersion and reactive transport processes. Both models have been applied as a case-study on a particular location in South Valencia Aquifer (Spain). A whole set of simulation scenarios have been designed to perform a parameter sensitivity analysis. Despite both models leading to terbuthylazine’s concentration values, numerical simulations show that PRZM-GW is able to reproduce concentration observations leading to much more accurately results than those obtained using PESTAN.

Assessment of groundwater contamination by chlorpyrifos using the PWC model in Valencia Region (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Pérez Indoval ◽  
Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri ◽  
Eduardo Cassiraga
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Advection Dispersion ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Mass Transport Equation

<p>Chlorpyrifos is commoly used as an pesticide to control weeds and prevent nondesirable grow of algae, fungi and bacteria in many agricultural applications. Despite its highly negative effects on human health, environmental modeling of this kind of pesticide in the groundwater is not commonly done in real situations. Predicting the fate of pesticides released into the natural environment is necessary to anticipate and minimize adverse effects both at close and long distances from the contamination source. A number of models have been developed to predict the behavior, mobility, and persistence of pesticides. These models should account for key hydrological and agricultural processes, such as crop growth, pesticide application patterns, transformation processes and field management practices.</p><p>This work shows results obtained by the Pesticide Water Calculator (PWC) model to simulate the behavior of chlorpyrifos. PWC model is used as a standard pesticide simulation model in USA and in this work it has been used to  simulate the fate and transport of chlorpyrifos in the unsaturated zone of the aquifer. The model uses a whole set of parameters to solve a modified version of the mass transport equation considering the combined effect of advection, dispersion and reactive transport processes. PWC is used to estimate the daily concentrations of chlorpyrifos in the Buñol-Cheste aquifer in Valencia Region(Spain).</p><p>A whole set of simulation scenarios have been designed to perform a parameter sensitivity analysis. Results of the PWC model obtained in this study represents a crucial first step towards the development of a pesticide risk assessment in Valencia Region. Results show that numerical simulation is a valid tool for the analysis and prediction of the fate  and transport of pesticides in the groundwater.</p>

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Pollution by Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine. Application to the Buñol-Cheste Aquifer (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3511
Author(s):  
Ricardo Pérez-Indoval ◽  
Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri ◽  
Eduardo Cassiraga ◽  
María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Advection Dispersion ◽  
Agricultural Applications

Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine are commonly used as insecticides and herbicides to control weeds and prevent non-desirable growth of algae, fungi and bacteria in many agricultural applications. Despite their highly negative effects on human health, environmental modeling of these pesticides in the vadose zone until they reach groundwater is still not being conducted on a regular basis. This work shows results obtained by version 5.08 of the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM5) numerical model to simulate the fate and transport of Chlorpyrifos, Bromacil and Terbuthylazine between 2006 and 2018 inside the Buñol-Cheste aquifer in Spain. The model uses a whole set of parameters to solve a modified version of the mass transport equation considering the combined effect of advection, dispersion and reactive transport processes. The simulation process was designed for a set of twelve scenarios considering four application doses for each pesticide. Results show that the maximum concentration value for every scenario exceeds the current Spanish Maximum Concentration Limit (0.1 μg/L). Numerical simulations were able to reproduce concentration observations over time despite the limited amount of available data.

scholarly journals Should I Stay or Should I Go? Assessing Intermodal and Synchromodal Resilience from a Decentralized Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Ambra ◽  
An Caris ◽  
Cathy Macharis
Keyword(s):  
Transport Processes ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Delivery Performance ◽  
Operational Level ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Truck Transport ◽  
Selection Of

Synchromodal transport incorporates real-time events in a dynamic manner in order to facilitate the most suitable selection of modes, routes and handling points. Up until now, current assessments rely on analytical models. Most of these models average distances for barges and trains via route mapping platforms that provide realistic distances for road only. To reflect on real-world developments more accurately, new thinking and modelling approaches are necessary to bridge academic models with physical transport processes. This paper introduces a computational model which computes movements of agents in geographically referenced space. The model captures stochastic parallel processes for each mode, and simulates decentralized delivery performance of each order in terms of cost, time and emissions at an operational level. Furthermore, we study the routing of individual orders and their responsiveness to disruptions. Computational experiments are performed within a case study which concerns imports of retail goods by unimodal truck transport from France to Belgium. Our findings show that dynamic synchromodal solutions cope with disturbances better, but unnecessary deviations and pro-activeness can also lead to negative effects when compared to static intermodal solutions

A Pore-Scale Reactive Transport Model Approach for Investigating the Effect of Soil Physical Properties on Biogeochemical Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Golparvar ◽  
Matthias Kästner ◽  
Martin Thullner
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Model Approach

<p>The vadose zone hosts a wide range of various microorganisms which provide different soil ecosystem services from nutrient cycling to biodegradation of harmful chemical substances. The efficiency of such in-situ biodegradation is influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors ranging from physical properties of the soil to the redox conditions controlled by the activity of the involved chemical compounds. One important feature of the soil system is the dynamical and simultaneous interplay of these factors, boosting or deteriorating the residing microbial community’s abundance and/or activity and hence shaping biodegradation of vadose zone contaminants. Physical properties of porous media – e.g. the pore geometry, pore size distribution, connectivity as well as the water content – play a major role in enhancing or restricting the bioavailable concentration of contaminants and other reaction partners. Pore-scale phenomena have been shown to be considerably affecting the macro-scale processes, therefore a quantitative bottom-top approach of these mechanisms in situ is adamant. Hence it is of paramount importance to understand the effect of soil physical properties on microbial activity and biodegradation of carbon compounds in soil.</p><p>Pore scale reactive transport processes have a complex, nonlinear dependency on the aforementioned factors, which severely challenges the experimental and/or numerical investigation of biodegradation at in in-situ conditions. However, the recent technological advances, specifically the imaging techniques, have made it easier to study biological and microbial evolution in porous media, but there is still a need for putting all these information together. For this purpose, numerical methods would offer the possibility of simulating a variable/controllable water saturation conditions and considering water/air dynamics and advective and diffusive micro-scale transport of all components in both, air and water phase, in porous medium structures directly obtained from CT scanned samples. Up to now, such pore-sale model approaches considering also the fate of biogeochemically reactive compounds are scarce. In this work we propose a novel reactive transport modelling technique combining the pore-scale numerical characterization of water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media and of biogeochemical process. For a variably saturated porous system, the presented model approach is solving the Navier Stokes equation and scalar transport equations for any arbitrary geometry and is simulating the dynamics of biogeochemical processes with any degree of complexity. Simulations are compared to experimental data to assess the effect of soil physical properties on the transport and degradation of contaminants in soil.</p>

scholarly journals Estimating Fate and Transport of Multiple Contaminants in the Vadose Zone Using a Multi-Layered Soil Column and Three-Phase Equilibrium Partitioning Model

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G. Rucker
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Layered Soil ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Equilibrium Partitioning

Soils at waste sites must be evaluated for the potential of residual soil contamination to leach and migrate to the groundwater beneath the disposal area. If migration to the aquifer occurs, contaminants can travel vast distances and pollute drinking water wells, thus exposing human receptors to harmful levels of toxins and carcinogens. To prevent groundwater contamination, a contaminant fate and transport analysis is necessary to assess the migration potential of residual soil contaminants. This type of migration analysis is usually performed using a vadose zone model to account for complex geotechnical and chemical variables including: decay processes, infiltration rate, soil properties, vadose zone thickness, and chemical behavior. The distinct advantage of using a complex model is that less restrictive, but still protective, soil threshold levels may be determined avoiding the unnecessary and costly remediation of marginally contaminated soils. However, the disadvantage of such modeling is the additional cost for data collection and labor required to apply these models. In order to allay these higher costs and to achieve a less restrictive but still protective clean-up level, a multiple contaminant and multi layered soil column equilibrium partitioning model was developed which is faster, simpler and less expensive to use.

Development and regional planning within the decentralized administrative frame: case study (the Jordanian Experiment)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Mansour Safran
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Way

This aims to review and analyze the Jordanian experiment in the developmental regional planning field within the decentralized managerial methods, which is considered one of the primary basic provisions for applying and success of this kind of planning. The study shoed that Jordan has passed important steps in the way for implanting the decentralized administration, but these steps are still not enough to established the effective and active regional planning. The study reveled that there are many problems facing the decentralized regional planning in Jordan, despite of the clear goals that this planning is trying to achieve. These problems have resulted from the existing relationship between the decentralized administration process’ dimensions from one side, and between its levels which ranged from weak to medium decentralization from the other side, In spite of the official trends aiming at applying more of the decentralized administrative policies, still high portion of these procedures are theoretical, did not yet find a way to reality. Because any progress or success at the level of applying the decentralized administrative policies doubtless means greater effectiveness and influence on the development regional planning in life of the residents in the kingdom’s different regions. So, it is important to go a head in applying more steps and decentralized administrative procedures, gradually and continuously to guarantee the control over any negative effects that might result from Appling this kind of systems.   © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

SEISMIC RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: CASE STUDY ON A BLACK CARBON PLANT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Equipment

This paper deals with state of the art risk and resilience calculations for industrial plants. Resilience is a top priority issue on the agenda of societies due to climate change and the all-time demand for human life safety and financial robustness. Industrial plants are highly complex systems containing a considerable number of equipment such as steel storage tanks, pipe rack-piping systems, and other installations. Loss Of Containment (LOC) scenarios triggered by past earthquakes due to failure on critical components were followed by severe repercussions on the community, long recovery times and great economic losses. Hence, facility planners and emergency managers should be aware of possible seismic damages and should have already established recovery plans to maximize the resilience and minimize the losses. Seismic risk assessment is the first step of resilience calculations, as it establishes possible damage scenarios. In order to have an accurate risk analysis, the plant equipment vulnerability must be assessed; this is made feasible either from fragility databases in the literature that refer to customized equipment or through numerical calculations. Two different approaches to fragility assessment will be discussed in this paper: (i) code-based Fragility Curves (FCs); and (ii) fragility curves based on numerical models. A carbon black process plant is used as a case study in order to display the influence of various fragility curve realizations taking their effects on risk and resilience calculations into account. Additionally, a new way of representing the total resilience of industrial installations is proposed. More precisely, all possible scenarios will be endowed with their weighted recovery curves (according to their probability of occurrence) and summed together. The result is a concise graph that can help stakeholders to identify critical plant equipment and make decisions on seismic mitigation strategies for plant safety and efficiency. Finally, possible mitigation strategies, like structural health monitoring and metamaterial-based seismic shields are addressed, in order to show how future developments may enhance plant resilience. The work presented hereafter represents a highly condensed application of the research done during the XP-RESILIENCE project, while more detailed information is available on the project website https://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/xp-resilience.

Modelling and Simulation of NO2 Dispersion Phenomenon in Atmosphere by Analytical-Experimental Methods

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Perju ◽  
Harieta Pirlea ◽  
Gabriela-Alina Brusturean ◽  
Dana Silaghi-Perju ◽  
Sorin Marinescu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The European laws and recently the Romanian ones impose more and more strict norms to the large nitrogen dioxide polluters. They are obligated to continuously improve the installations and products so that they limit and reduce the nitrogen dioxide pollution, because it has negative effects on the human health and environment. In this paper are presented these researches made within a case study for the Timi�oara municipality, regarding the modeling and simulation of the nitrogen dioxide dispersion phenomenon coming from various sources in atmosphere with the help of analytical-experimental methods. The mathematical model resulting from these researches is accurately enough to describe the real situation. This was confirmed by comparing the results obtained based on the model with real experimental values.

Patterns of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Among Youth Living in Stigmatized Neighborhoods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Espíndola Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Ethnographic Case Study ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Social

This chapter is an ethnographic case study of the social integration trajectories of youth living in two stigmatized and poor neighborhoods in Montevideo. It explains the linkages between residential segregation and social inclusion and exclusion patterns in unequal urban neighborhoods. Most empirical neighborhood research on the effects of residential segregation in contexts of high poverty and extreme stigmatization have focused on its negative effects. However, the real mechanisms and mediations influencing the so-called neighborhood effects of residential segregation are still not well understood. Scholars have yet to isolate specific neighborhood effects and their contribution to processes of social inclusion and exclusion. Focusing on the biographical experiences of youth in marginalized neighborhoods, this ethnography demonstrates the relevance of social mediations that modulate both positive and negative residential segregation effects.

scholarly journals The Influence of Increased Salvage Felling on Forwarding Distance and the Removal—A Case Study from Croatia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Andreja Đuka ◽  
Zoran Bumber ◽  
Tomislav Poršinsky ◽  
Ivica Papa ◽  
Tibor Pentek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Management Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Infrastructure Network ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Research Period

During the seven-year research period, the average annual removal was by 3274 m3 higher than the average annual removal prescribed by the existing management plan (MP). The main reason lies in the high amount of salvage felling volume at 55,238 m3 (38.3%) in both the main and the intermediate felling due to oak dieback. The analysis of forest accessibility took into account the spatial distribution of cutblocks (with ongoing felling operations) and the volume of felled timber for two proposed factors: (1) the position of the cutblock and (2) the position of the removal. Cutblock position factor took into account the spatial position of the felling areas/sites, while removal position factor besides the spatial reference took into account the amount of felled timber (i.e., volume) both concerning forest infrastructure network and forest operations. The analysed relative forest openness by using geo-processing workflows in GIS environment showed four types of opening areas in the studied management unit (MU): single-opened, multiple-opened, unopened and opened areas outside of the management unit. Negative effects of the piece-volume law and low harvesting densities on forest operations are highlighted in this research due to high amount of salvage felling particularly in the intermediate felling by replacing timber volume that should have come from thinnings.

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