The Association between Material Deprivation and Avoidable Mortality in Lisbon, Portugal

There is considerable evidence pointing to the existence of a socioeconomic gradient in mortality, which tends to be steeper in urban areas. Similar to other European cities, Lisbon is far from homogeneous since considerable geographical inequalities exist between the more advantaged and the more deprived neighborhoods. The main goals of this study are to describe the geographical pattern of premature deaths (before 65 years old), avoidable deaths (preventable and amenable to healthcare) and cause-specific mortality (HIV/AIDS and suicide) in Lisbon, at the lower administrative level (civil parish, in Portuguese: Freguesia), and analyze the statistical association between mortality risk and deprivation, before (1999–2003) and during the economic crisis (2008–2012). Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratios (sSMR) and Relative Risk (RR) with 95% credible intervals were calculated to identify the association between mortality and deprivation. The analysis of the geographical distribution of cause-specific mortality reveals that civil parishes with high sSMR in the first period continued to present higher mortality rates in the second. Moreover, a significant statistical association was found between all the causes of death and deprivation, except suicide. These findings contribute to understanding how social conditions influence health outcomes and can offer insights about potential policy directions for local government.

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Prevalence of Linguatula sp., a food-borne zoonotic aberrant arthropod, in river buffaloes slaughtered at Tabriz slaughterhouse, Iran

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/traa122 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nasser Hajipour ◽

Jennifer Ketzis ◽

Parviz Hassanzadeh

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Statistical Association ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Food Borne ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Significant Statistical Association ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract Background Canids and herbivores are the definitive and intermediate hosts of Linguatula sp., respectively. Methods Mesenteric lymph nodes (n=32 525) were randomly collected from 7585 buffaloes from July 2016 to July 2019 and examined macroscopically. Results Results showed that 388 (5.11%) buffaloes were infected. The intensity of infection was determined to be 3.07±0.07. Significant statistical association was identified between infection rate and age and sex. Although there were no significant differences in the infection rate over different seasons, the highest infection rate was observed in autumn. Conclusions These data highlight the importance of inspection at slaughter.

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Characteristics of Indoor Flood Fatalities: Evidence from Greece

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158612 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8612

Author(s):

Michalis Diakakis ◽

Katerina Papagiannaki

Keyword(s):

Building Material ◽

Human Life ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Statistical Association ◽

Flood Events ◽

Building Collapse ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Flooding Events ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Significant Statistical Association

Despite the important advances in flood forecasting and protection, floods remain one of the most lethal types of natural hazards. Previous works have explored several factors influencing the risks of flooding to human life and health. However, there is limited research and understanding on indoor flood fatalities and the circumstances under which they occur. This study explores victim-, building-, and situation-related characteristics in order to provide a better understanding of the conditions that lead to flood-related indoor deaths, exploiting a fatality database developed for Greece (1960–2020). The correlation analysis showed that indoor victims, compared with outdoor ones, tend to be older individuals, with high percentages of disabilities. A significant statistical association of the building material, roof type, and distance from the river with the building collapse was also found. The profile of the buildings in which flood fatality occurred was further compared with that of neighboring non-fatal buildings that were inhabited during the flood events. The statistical results indicated that the buildings with a fatality occurrence are mostly single-storey structures, made from masonry as the main building material. The findings have practical implications in risk communication and mitigation in terms of identifying the specific populations, circumstances, settings, and mechanisms that lead to dangerous indoor situations during flooding events.

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Association of p53, VEGF and Microvascular Density in Colorectal Carcinoma

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/44391.13929 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rituparna Ghosh ◽

Sarojini Raman ◽

Jayasree Rath

Keyword(s):

World Health Organisation ◽

Microvascular Density ◽

Nodal Status ◽

World Health ◽

Clinicopathological Parameters ◽

P Value ◽

Significant Prognostic Factor ◽

Statistical Association ◽

Cd34 Expression ◽

Significant Statistical Association

Introduction: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is third most common malignancy worldwide. Various genomic alterations play fundamental role in initiation and progression of CRC. Among these, p53 mutation has a crucial role in survival and metastasis and its point mutation induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promoting vascular permeability, migration and differentiation. The degree of angiogenesis can be measured by Microvascular Density (MVD) using CD34, which is helpful in identifying high risk patients for recurrence and metastasis. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the expression of p53, VEGF and MVD in CRC and their association with clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: The ambispective study of 2 year duration was conducted from September 2015 to July 2017 in the Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences and PBMH, Bhubaneswar. It included CRC resection specimens and archival tissue blocks. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared manually for IHC application in total 70 cases (58 (82.9%) adenocarcinomas and 12 (17.1%) adenomas) which were histologically staged and graded as per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Pearson chi-square test and fisher’s-exact method were used to find significance of p53, VEGF and CD34 expression in adenomas and adenocarcinomas with respect to clinicopathological parameters. Results: No significant statistical association was found between p53, VEGF and MVD with tumour grade and nodal status. Majority, 41 (70.69%) cases were hypervascular (MVD-High). Adenomas 9 (75%) cases, were mostly hypovascular (MVD-Low) with p-value of 0.003. There was significant statistical association between VEGF and MVD with a p-value of 0.01. VEGF and MVD were more expressed on left-sided colon cancers. There was significant statistical association (p=0.01) between p53 graded expression and diagnosis in the present study. MVD and tumour nodal status had an inversely significant relationship (p=0.03). Conclusion: p53 and VEGF expressed more on carcinomas than adenomas. Both p53 and VEGF induce angiogenesis which can be effectively measured by CD34 expression (MVD). There is a directly proportional relationship of angiogenesis and malignant transformation. So these three IHC markers together can be considered a significant prognostic factor involved in CRC.

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Spatial interactions between urban areas and cause-specific mortality differentials in France

Health & Place ◽

10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.10.003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 234-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Walid Ghosn ◽

Daouda Kassie ◽

Eric Jougla ◽

Stéphane Rican ◽

Grégoire Rey

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Spatial Interactions ◽

Mortality Differentials ◽

Specific Mortality

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Risk factors with the occurrence of parasites and coliform in vegetables from an agroindustry

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201865010012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Francisco Rafael Martins Soto ◽

Jéssica Vilela da Cruz ◽

Laine Rodrigues Lima ◽

Iolanda Cristina Silveira Duarte ◽

Sandro Eugênio Pereira Gazzinelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Statistical Association ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽

The Moment ◽

The City ◽

Significant Statistical Association

ABSTRACT In this study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with the occurrence of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and intestinal parasite eggs in vegetables from an agroindustry in the city of Ibiúna - SP, Brazil. A questionnaire with 17 questions was applied to 24 producers to carry out a diagnosis of the risk factors and their posterior association or not with total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and intestinal parasite eggs. The questions addressed mainly the production system, fertilizer used, source of the water used for irrigation, sanitization of the vegetables, and form of transport. For the investigation of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and intestinal parasite eggs, the samples were processed at the microbiology and parasitology laboratory of the Federal Institute of São Paulo, São Roque Campus. The results revealed that total coliforms were found in 100% of the investigated samples and thermotolerant coliforms were detected in 95.83% of the samples. There was a significant statistical association for the risk factor use of reservoir water, where there was release of wastewater and absence of sanitization of the vegetables at the moment of harvest in relation to the presence of thermotolerant coliforms. Intestinal parasite eggs were found in 33.33% of the samples.

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An Economic Evaluation of the Health Effects of Reducing Fine Particulate Pollution in Chinese Cities

Asian Development Review ◽

10.1162/adev_a_00114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 58-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yana Jin ◽

Shiqiu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Control Process ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Mortality Reduction ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Particulate Pollution ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Welfare Implications

Fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) is a leading mortality risk factor in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and many Asian countries. Current studies of PM2.5 mortality have been conducted at the national and provincial levels, or at the grid-based micro level, and report only the exposure index or attributable premature deaths. Little is known about the welfare implications of PM2.5 mortality for urban areas. In this study, we estimate the total cost of PM2.5 mortality, the benefit of its reduction achieved through meeting various air quality targets, and the benefit of mortality reduction achieved through a uniform 10 micrograms per cubic meter decrease in PM2.5 concentration in the urban areas of 300 major cities in the PRC. Significant heterogeneity exists in welfare indicators across rich versus poor and clean versus dirty cities. The results indicate that cities in the PRC should accelerate the fine particulate pollution control process and implement more stringent air quality targets to achieve much greater mortality reduction benefits.

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Asthma Mortality in Canada, 1946 to 1990

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/1995/921501 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 61-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Robert S Hogg ◽

Martin T Schechter ◽

Julio SG Montaner ◽

James C Hogg

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Population Based ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Statistics Canada ◽

Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽

The Impact ◽

Asthma Mortality

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of asthma on Canadian mortality rates over a 45-year period.DESIGN: A descriptive, population-based study.SETTING: Canada.SUBJECTS: All persons who died from asthma in Canada from 1946 to 1990 as reported to Statistics Canada in Ottawa.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardized mortality ratios, age-specific patterns of death, potential years of life lost (PYLL) and life expectancy lost.RESULTS: A total of 12,010 male and 8486 female asthma deaths were recorded in Canada from 1946 to 1990. Mortality rates for both sexes declined from a high of between three to six deaths in 1951 to 1955 to approximately two deaths per 100,000 in 1986 to 1990, with the decline in rates being greater for males than females. Age-specific mortality rates were highest al all ages in 1951 to 1955, except for 15 to 24 years when deaths rates for the 1981 to 1985 period were greater. PYLL exhibit the same pattern as mortality, peaking in 1951 to 1955 and subsequently declining with each period. Loss in life expectancy due to asthma was about one month (not significant) in all time periods.CONCLUSIONS: Asthma mortality rates have declined significantly over the study period. This decline appears to be linked with the convergence of sex-specific rates and with changes in the patterning or age-specific mortality. The impact of asthma on the life expectancy of Canadians is small.

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Smart Air Quality Monitoring and Sensing Device (SAQM Sensing Device)

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.37857 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2787-2792

Author(s):

Hareetaa Mallani

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Low Cost ◽

Power Requirement ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Response Recovery ◽

Alert Message ◽

Mobile Measurement ◽

Harmful Effects

Abstract: Air pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing. Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous pollutants. Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma. According to a survey, due to air pollution 50,000 to 100,000 premature deaths per year occur in the U.S. alone. LPG sensor is added in this system which is used mostly in houses. The system will show temperature and humidity. The system can be installed anywhere but mostly in industries and houses where gases are mostly to be found and gives an alert message when the system crosses threshold limit. The advantages of the detector, have a reliable stability, rapid response recovery and long-life features. It is affordable, userfriendly, low-cost and minimum-power requirement hardware which is appropriate for mobile measurement, as well as comprehensible data collection

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The Mortality burden of hematological malignancies in Ecuador

Nepal Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.3126/nje.v11i2.37057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 1040-1048

Author(s):

David Israel Garrido ◽

Andres Orquera ◽

Johanna Rojas ◽

Manuel Granja

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

National Registry ◽

National Database ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hematological Neoplasms ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Icd 10

Background: The Hematological neoplasms (HN) are a heterogeneous group of cancers that originated in the hematopoietic or lymphoid tissues. There is reduced information published regarding HN mortality in Ecuador. This study aims to present the crude and age-specific mortality rates for HN in the Ecuadorian population. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study through the national database of defunctions published by the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census, 2019. We used the ICD-10 codes to classify the HN. Results: During 2019, 1462 deaths were reported, 53.83% were males, 87.96% of mestizo ethnicity, and 78.32% residents in urban areas. The median age was 62 years, with an interquartile range of 34. The crude mortality rate obtained was 8.49 per 100000 inhabitants, and the higher age-specific mortality rates was 43.29 per 100000 inhabitants aged ≥ 60 years, contrasting with the 2.63 per 100000 inhabitants in people aged < 20 years. Considering each ICD-10 group, we found the following rates by 100000 inhabitants; C85 2.04, C91 1.92, C92 1.46, C90 1.11, C83 0.70, C95 0.48, C81 0.38, C84 0.16, C82 0.10, C96 0.05, C93 0.04, C86 and C94 0.02, and C88 0.01. Conclusion: In Ecuador, during 2019, approximately eight people died due to HN by 100000 inhabitants, affecting mainly people aged ≥ 60 years. The most frequent neoplasms were Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, similar to other reports globally. These results should be analyzed considering some deficiencies in the Ecuadorian health system and the national registry. Therefore, we suggest conducting more studies regarding HN.

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1363Just a flu? Comparing COVID-19 and influenza mortality

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.466 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

David Muscatello ◽

Peter McIntyre

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Death Rate ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

The United States ◽

Epidemiological Methods ◽

Influenza Pandemics ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽

1918 Influenza

Abstract Background Benchmarks are needed for assessing the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, comparisons can be misleading unless marked differences in age-specific mortality and differences in population age structure are considered. Methods Using COVID-19 death rates for New York City as at 2 June 2020, we used indirect age standardization to estimate standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for the first winter waves of the 1918 and 2009 influenza pandemics and the severe 2017-2018 influenza season in the United States (US). Data were obtained from published statistics. Results After adjusting for age, New York City’s death rate during the 1918 winter influenza pandemic wave was 6.7 times higher overall compared with the first wave of COVID-19 in 2020. New York City's first wave COVID-19 death rate was an estimated 59 times higher than that of the 2009 US influenza pandemic, and 14 times higher than that of the severe 2017-2018 influenza season. In < 45 year-olds, the 1918 influenza death rate was 42 times higher than COVID-19 in 2020. In ≥ 65 year-olds, compared with the 2009 pandemic, the COVID-19 death rate was 320 times higher, while in children it was one half. Conclusions The 1918 pandemic was more deadly than COVID-19, which was, in turn, far more deadly than both the 2009 influenza pandemic and severe seasonal influenza. Age-specific mortality differences should be considered in decisions on COVID-19 vaccination strategies. Key messages Fundamental epidemiological methods remain valuable for modern epidemic risk assessment. COVID-19 is not just a ‘flu’.

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