scholarly journals Smart Air Quality Monitoring and Sensing Device (SAQM Sensing Device)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2787-2792
Author(s):  
Hareetaa Mallani
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Response Recovery ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Mobile Measurement ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract: Air pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing. Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous pollutants. Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma. According to a survey, due to air pollution 50,000 to 100,000 premature deaths per year occur in the U.S. alone. LPG sensor is added in this system which is used mostly in houses. The system will show temperature and humidity. The system can be installed anywhere but mostly in industries and houses where gases are mostly to be found and gives an alert message when the system crosses threshold limit. The advantages of the detector, have a reliable stability, rapid response recovery and long-life features. It is affordable, userfriendly, low-cost and minimum-power requirement hardware which is appropriate for mobile measurement, as well as comprehensible data collection

Smart Environmental Monitoring System

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Karthik Sudhakaran Menon ◽  
Brinzel Rodrigues ◽  
Akash Prakash Barot ◽  
Prasad Avinash Gharat
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Environmental Monitoring System

In today's world, air pollution has become a common phenomenon everywhere, especially in the urban areas, air pollution is a real-life problem. In urban areas, the increased number of hydrocarbons and diesel vehicles and the presence of industrial areas at the outskirts of the major cities are the main causes of air pollution. The problem is seriously intense within the metropolitan cities. The governments around the world are taking measure in their capability. The main aim of this project is to develop a system which may monitor and measure pollutants in the air in real time, tell the quality of air and log real-time data onto a remote server (Cloud Service). If the value of the parameters exceeds the given threshold value, then an alert message is sent with the GPS coordinates to the registered number of the authority or person so necessary actions can be taken. The Arduino board connects with Thingspeak cloud service platform using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The device uses multiple sensors for monitoring the parameters of the air pollution like MQ-135, MQ-7, DHT-22, sound sensor, LCD.

scholarly journals Nature-Based Solutions for Co-mitigation of Air Pollution and Urban Heat in Indian Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyothi S. Menon ◽  
Richa Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Pollution Exposure ◽  
Indian Cities

The urban population is subjected to multiple exposures of air pollution and heat stress and bear severe impacts on their health and well-being in terms of premature deaths and morbidity. India tops the list of countries with the highest air pollution exposure and hosts some of the most polluted cities in the world. Similarly, Indian cities are highly vulnerable to extreme heat with the frequency of heatwaves expected to increase several-fold in urban areas in India. It is reported that mitigating air pollution could reduce the rural-urban difference of the incoming radiation thus resulting in mitigation of the urban heat island effect. Since the interaction between urban heat and air pollution is dynamic and complex, both these factors should be considered by the urban authorities in designing mitigation strategies. Given the multi-functional nature and cost-effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS), they appear to be the most appropriate remedy for environmental issues of urban areas, particularly in developing countries. In addition to improving public health (through the reduction in air pollution and urban heat), NbS also provides a wide range of co-benefits such as reducing energy cost and health costs as well as conservation of biodiversity. This review is an attempt to understand the potentials of NbS in co-mitigating air pollution and urban heat in Indian cities. A framework for the planning and design of NbS in Indian cities is also proposed based on the review that could help city planners and decision-makers in addressing these two issues in an integrated manner.

CHAPS: A Compact Hyperspectral Imager for Air Pollution Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Swartz ◽  
Nickolay Krotkov ◽  
Lok Lamsal ◽  
Frank Morgan ◽  
Philip Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Freeform Optics

<p>Air pollution is responsible for ~7 million premature deaths every year.  Current and planned low Earth orbit and geostationary satellite instruments have long provided global surveys, revealing pollution characteristics and trends.  We need a robust, sustainable observing strategy, however, for measuring the distribution of air pollution at high spatial and high temporal resolution.  The Compact Hyperspectral Air Pollution Sensor (CHAPS) incorporates technologies enabling a sustainable approach to air pollution observation from space.  CHAPS is a hyperspectral imager using freeform optics in a form factor suitable for accommodation on a small satellite or hosted payload.  It will make measurements of air pollution at unprecedented spatial resolution from low Earth orbit (1 x 1 km<sup>2</sup>) and will characterize, quantify, and monitor emissions from urban areas, power plants, and other anthropogenic activities.  The compact size and relatively lower cost of CHAPS makes a constellation feasible for the first time, with unprecedented spatiotemporal sampling of global point pollution sources.  NASA recently funded the development of a CHAPS–Demonstrator (CHAPS-D), which will result in an airborne demonstration of a CHAPS prototype instrument.  CHAPS derives heritage from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Sentinel-5 Precursor, which uses a freeform mirror telescope.  Freeform optics has potentially huge advantages over traditional optical designs, including fewer optical surfaces, less mass and volume, and improved image quality.  CHAPS-D combines a radiometrically calibrated freeform hyperspectral imager (300–500 nm @ 0.5-nm resolution) with associated detector and payload electronics within the design constraints of a 6U CubeSat.  We present the measurement requirements and preliminary design of CHAPS-D.</p>

Assessment of heterogenity of air pollution within an urban canopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Voss ◽  
K. Heinke Schlünzen ◽  
David Grawe
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Data Standard ◽  
The City

<p>Air pollution is an important topic within urban areas.  Limit values as given in the European Guidelines are introduced to reduce negative effects on humans and vegetation.  Exceedances of the limit values are to be assessed using measurements.  In case of found exceedances of the limit values, the local authorities need to act to reduce pollution levels. Highest values are found for several pollutants (NOx, NO2, particles) within densely build-up urban areas with traffic emissions being the major source and dispersion being very much impacted by the urban structures.  The quality assured measuring network used by the authorities is often too coarse to determine the heterogeneity in the concentration field. Low cost sample devices as employed in several citizen science projects might help to overcome the data sparsity. Volunteers measure the air quality at many sites, contribute to the measurement networks and provide the data on the web. However, the questions arising are: a) Are these data of sufficient high quality to provide results comparable to those of the quality assured networks? b) Is the network density sufficient to determine concentration patterns within the urban canopy layer? <br>One-year data from a citizen science network, which measures particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) were compared to measurements provided by the local environmental agency, using two hot-spot areas in the city of Hamburg as an example. To determine how well the measurements agree with each other, a regression analyses was performed dependent on seasonal and diurnal cycles. Additionally, model simulations with the microscale obstacle resolving model MITRAS were performed for two characteristic building structures and different meteorological situations. The model results were used to determine local hot spots as well as areas where measurements might represent the concentration of particles for the urban quarter. The low cost sensor measurements show a general agreement to the city’s measurements, however, the values per sensor differ. Moreover, the measurements of the low-cost-sensor show an unrealistic dependence on relative humidity, resulting in over- or underestimations in certain cases. The model results clearly show that only a few sites allow measurements to be representative for a city quarter. The measurements of the citizen science project can provide a good overview about the tendencies of the air quality, but are currently not of sufficient quality to provide measurements calling for legal action.</p><p>The model results were used for the project AtMoDat. AtMoDat is an attempt to create a data standard for obstacle resolving models based on the existing Climate and Forecast (CF) conventions. A web-based survey is developed to get information on the requirements for the data standard. The next step is to extend the collection of model characteristics and eventually to provide a generic scheme.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong><br>This work contributes to project “AtMoDat” funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research under the funding number 16QK02C. Responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment and risk prevention of air pollution in urban sites

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 04014
Author(s):  
Mariana Panaitescu ◽  
Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu ◽  
Cornel Panait ◽  
Octavia Bardasu ◽  
Viorica-Ani Merla
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Risk Prevention ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Harmful Effects

Atmospheric pollution limitation has evolved and evolves continuously, depending on the better knowledge of the harmful effects of the different atmospheric pollutants. The main elements that have led and lead to the continuous revision of the norms are the climatic changes and acid rain associated with atmospheric pollutants. In this context, the paper presents the following aspects: two monitoring regimes aims to evaluate and prevent air pollution in urban areas; was chosen as a monitoring location Constanta city, with strategic points exposed to the risk of pollution. For the monitoring of emissions in these locations, a selfemployed emission analyzer was used. Where there are risk areas, exists a risk analisys with vulnerable locations and values of emissions’s concentrations. There are monitoring CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 emissions and PM2.5 and PM10 in air of urban sites which are exposed to the risk of pollution. Finally, the recorded values are below the maximum permissible limit. The conclusion is that pollution in urban sites can also be a danger to neighboring rural settlements, if there is no strict monitoring thereof.

scholarly journals Health impacts of air pollution in Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Tsanova ◽  
S Georgieva ◽  
M Kamburova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Premature Deaths

Abstract Background Air pollution is a major cause of premature death and disease, and is the single largest environmental health risk. Heart disease and stroke are the most common reasons for premature death attributable to air pollution, followed by lung diseases and lung cancer. This report aims at investigation and comparative analysis of air pollution and mortality related indicators in Bulgaria. Methods Descriptive study design with content analysis is applied on data from accessible national and international databases and publications - Bulgarian National Statistical Institute and The European Environment Agency. To evaluate the health burden attributable to air pollution were used the population-weighted concentration and the estimated number of attributable premature deaths, and the Years of life lost (YLL) per 100 000 inhabitants in 2016. The Ambient Air Quality Directive defines the PM2.5 Average Exposure Indicator which reflects population exposure to PM2.5 and shows the average concentration at urban areas, calculated as a 3-year average. Results In 2015, the level of PM2.5 had to be below 20 µg/m3 in any country. In 2017, concentrations were still above that level in three countries - Slovakia 22, Poland and Bulgaria 24. The largest health impacts in terms of premature deaths and YLL, are observed in central and eastern Europe where the highest concentrations are also observed - Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania and North Macedonia. The premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 exposure in Bulgaria are 13 100, to NO2 - 1 100 and to O3 - 280. The YLL attributable to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 exposure are respectively 1858, 151, 42. All these levels are very high in comparison with other European countries. Conclusions Recognition of the full health and economic cost of air pollution and the benefits of pollution reduction should spur increased use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean-fuel vehicles. This is a necessary investment for Bulgaria's future. Key messages Responsibility for, and tools to tackle, many environmental determinants of health lie outside the direct control of individuals or the health sector alone. Wider societal, intersectoral and population-based public health approach is needed.

Low cost sensors and crowd-sourced data to map air pollution in urban areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Carbajales ◽  
Massimiliano Iurcev ◽  
Paolo Diviacco
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Redundant Data ◽  
Boundary Definition ◽  
Easy Integration

<p>Low cost sensors and crowd-sourcing data could potentially revolutionise the way air pollution measurements are collected providing high density geolocated data. In fact, so far data have been collected mostly using dedicated fixed position monitoring stations. These latter rely on high quality instrumentation, well established practices and well trained personnel, which means that, due to its costs, this paradigm entails limitations in the resolution and extension of geographic sampling of an area.</p><p>The combination of low costs sensors and volunteer-based or opportunistic acquisition of data can, instead, possibly turn the cost issue into an advantage. This approach, however, introduces other limitations since low cost sensors provide less reliable data and crowd source acquisition are subjects to data gaps in space and time.</p><p>In order to overcome these issues redundant data from multiple platforms have to be made available. On one hand this allows statistics to be applied to identify and remove anomalous values, and on the other hand when multiple platforms are used, the chances to have a better coverage and more reliable data  increases.</p><p>To implement this approach OGS developed the full suite of tools that has been named COCAL that allow to follow the full path from the acquisition, transmission, storage, integration and real time visualization of the crowdsourced data.</p><p>Low cost sensors for the detection of suspended particulate matter size 2.5 and 10 µm, together with atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature, have been combined with GPS positioning and transmission (being able to opt for GSM, WiFi or LoRaWAN transmission) unit in a black box that can be attached to any moving vehicle travelling in an area. This way large areas can be sampled with high geographic resolution.</p><p>Atmospheric data are collected in an InfluxDB database, which allows easy integration with TheThingsNetwork for LoRaWAN network management and directly with GSM and WiFi connections. Public users are provided with a real-time web interface based on OpenLayers for map visualization. Server based processing and conversion scripts generate both filtered data and aggregate data, by computing averages on a spatial and temporal grid.. Finally, automatic interpolation techniques like Inverse Distance Weighting or Natural Neighbours may provide detailed online maps with contouring and boundary definition. All products are available in near real-time through OGC compliant web services, suited for an easy integration with other repositories and services.</p>

scholarly journals Air Pollution: A Neglected Risk Factor for Dementia in Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathália Villa dos Santos ◽  
Victor Yuji Yariwake ◽  
Karina do Valle Marques ◽  
Mariana Matera Veras ◽  
Laís Fajersztajn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
The Caribbean

The risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rises with increasing age and polluted air. Currently, at least 172 million people breathe unhealthy levels of air pollution in LAC countries. Several cohort studies have indicated that air pollution increases the risk of developing dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the association are still not clear. Air pollution causes and aggravates five established risk factors for dementia (obesity, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases) and is linked to three other risk factors (physical inactivity, cognitive inactivity, and depression). Some of these risk factors could be mediating the association between air pollution and dementia. Reducing the risks for dementia is crucial and urgently needed in LAC countries. There is room for improving air quality in many urban areas in the LAC region and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a routealready explored by many urban areas in developing regions. Moreover, reducing air pollution has proved to improve health outcomes before. In this article, we propose that despite the ongoing and valid scientific discussion, if air pollution can or cannot directly affect the brain and cause or aggravate dementia, we are ready to consider air pollution as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia in LAC and possibly in other LMICs. We suggest that controlling and reducing current air pollution levels in LAC and other LMIC regions now could strongly contribute.

scholarly journals Hrudyalysis: A Novel Cloud-Based ECG Analytics Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2508-2515
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Rural India

Nowadays, people live in a world that is quite fast paced and competitive. All are running behind the money and success under the stress and fear of falling behind the race ignoring our health. Lack of physical activity due to shortage of time and acquiring the habit of intoxication for the purpose of releasing this stress make the matter worse for our heart. These are the two primary reasons for heart diseases in case of urban people. On the other hand, as the percentage of people staying in rural areas is more than urban areas, the people of rural India also suffer from heart diseases. Acquisition of urban lifestyle by rural people and inaccessibility to costly healthcare services are the two most important reasons for increasing rate of heart diseases in rural India. Even young adults are falling prey to heart diseases in an alarming rate. In short, the problem of heart-related diseases is being evolved as a matter of great concern in context to the Indian Territory. According to the WHO, coronary artery disease will take the form of epidemic in India by the year 2022. So, we need fast, efficient and low-cost devices for beforehand identification of symptoms related to the heart diseases. The most common device to identify and diagnose heart related diseases is the conventional 12-lead ECG device. But, there are various factors that pose complexities in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases by the 12-lead ECG devices. It is a costly device and it needs a trained person for handling complex and burdensome diagnosis method. In the context of unavailability of enough trained medical people this can be a great hindrance in preventing the epidemic of coronary artery diseases. So, in this research work, a single lead ECG device has been proposed which is of low-cost and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases is carried out with the aid of a cloud computing environment.

scholarly journals On Air Pollution Monitoring Systems using IoT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 1861-1862
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
The People

In the present day scenario, pollution caused by humans affects all the parameters of the environment (air, water, soil and sound). Air pollution is becoming a major concern in urban areas can expose the people to health issues like asthma attacks, lung problems, heart diseases etc. In this paper, two different methods are studied in monitoring the air quality of an environment. The first method involves usage of AWS cloud with a microcontroller and sensor. The second method uses Arduino along with Wi- Fi module and a sensor for measuring the level of pollutants and monitoring the air quality of a given environment.

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