The Direct and Indirect Costs of Colorectal Cancer in Vietnam: An Economic Analysis from a Social Perspective

The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased rapidly in Vietnam, but the economic burden of this disease has never been estimated. We estimate the direct and indirect cost of CRC patients in Vietnam in 2018 using a prevalence-based approach and human capital method. The total economic cost of CRC was VND 3041.88 billion (~$132.9 million), representing 0.055% of the 2018 gross domestic product. Notably, indirect costs comprised 83.58 % of the total cost, 82.61% of which is future income loss, because CRC occurs during productive years. The economic burden of CRC in Vietnam is substantial. The medical cost for CRC diagnosis and treatment is higher for younger patients and for those in advanced stages. Strategies to decrease the economic burden of CRC at the patient and national level, such as screening programs, should be developed and implemented in Vietnam.

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Economic burden of eating disorders in South Korea

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-021-00385-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sang Min Lee ◽

Minha Hong ◽

Saengryeol Park ◽

Won Sub Kang ◽

In-Hwan Oh

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

South Korea ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Medical Expenditure ◽

Treatment Prevalence ◽

Total Economic Cost ◽

Total Treatment ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background Few studies have investigated the epidemiology of eating disorders using national representative data. In this study, we investigated the treatment prevalence and economic burden of eating disorders in South Korea. Methods The aim of this study was to estimate the treatment prevalence and the medical expenditure of diagnosed eating disorders (ICD F50.x) in South Korea between 2010 and 2015. We also examined the economic costs of eating disorders, including the direct medical cost, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, in order to calculate the economic burden of such disorders. Results The total treatment prevalence of eating disorders in South Korea was 12.02 people (per 100,000) in 2010, and 13.28 in 2015. The cost of medical expenditures due to eating disorders increased from USD 1229724 in 2010 to USD 1843706 in 2015. The total economic cost of eating disorders was USD 5455626 in 2015. In 2015, the economic cost and prevalence of eating disorders was the highest in the 20–29 age group. Conclusions The results showed the eating disorders are insufficiently managed in the medical insurance system. Further research is therefore warranted to better understand the economic burdens of each type of eating disorder.

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Economic burden of eating disorders in South Korea

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47966/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sang Min Lee ◽

Minha Hong ◽

Saengryeol Park ◽

Won Sub Kang ◽

In-Hwan Oh

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

South Korea ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Medical Expenditures ◽

Medical Expenditure ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Total Economic Cost ◽

The Cost

Abstract BackgroundFew studies have investigated the epidemiology of eating disorders using national representative data. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and economic burden of eating disorders in South Korea.MethodsThe aim of this study was to estimate the medical expenditure of diagnosed eating disorders (ICD F50.x) in South Korea between 2010 and 2015. We also examined the economic costs of eating disorders, including the direct medical cost, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, in order to calculate the economic burden of such disorders.ResultsThe total prevalence of eating disorders in South Korea was 12.02 people (per 100 000) in 2010, and 13.28 in 2015. The cost of medical expenditures due to eating disorders increased from USD 1 229 724 in 2010 to USD 1 843 706 in 2015. The total economic cost of eating disorders was USD 5 455 626 in 2015. In 2015, the economic cost and prevalence of eating disorders was the highest in the 20–29 age group.ConclusionsThe results showed the eating disorders are insufficiently managed in the medical insurance system. Further research is therefore warranted to better understand the economic burdens of each type of eating disorder.

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Economic burden of smoking attributed illnesses in Pakistan

10.1101/2020.06.15.20131425 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib ◽

Ashar Malik ◽

Ibrar Rafique ◽

Faiz Ahmed Raza ◽

Obaidullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Total Economic Cost ◽

Disease Specific

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe estimates of economic burden due to smoking attributed illnesses provide an opportunity to assess its overall impact on the economy and generate evidence for public health policy interventions for tobacco control. In this study, we estimated out of pocket expenditures on tobacco attributed illnesses and smoking attributable burden in Pakistan.MethodsWe used a prevalence-based disease-specific cost approach by including three major tobacco attributed illnesses i.e. lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Our analysis included out of pocket healthcare expenditures including direct and indirect costs which were estimated by interviewing the patients of selected illnesses. The smoking-attributable expenditure was calculated by the WHO tool kit.ResultsIn 2018, the economic burden attributed to smoking related illnesses was Rs 192 billion (USD 1.3 billion). Smoking-attributable expenditure on cardiovascular disease was Rs 123 billion (USD 0.9 billion) which was 69% of the total economic cost of tobacco attributed illnesses in Pakistan. The economic cost in males was nearly three times higher than females.ConclusionsOur study showed a significant economic burden due to tobacco attributed illnesses in Pakistan which can be prevented by implementing tobacco control policies effectively.

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Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers: Where Are We Now?

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/149014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Maria Gonzalez-Pons ◽

Marcia Cruz-Correa

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Western World ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

Number Of Individuals

Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related death in the Western world. Patient survival is highly dependent on the tumor stage at the time of diagnosis. Reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy is still a major obstacle in effective treatment of advanced disease. Due to the fact that colorectal cancer is mostly asymptomatic until it progresses to advanced stages, the implementation of screening programs aimed at early detection is essential to reduce incidence and mortality rates. Current screening and diagnostic methods range from semi-invasive procedures such as colonoscopy to noninvasive stool-based tests. The combination of the absence of symptoms, the semi-invasive nature of currently used methods, and the suboptimal accuracy of fecal blood tests results in colorectal cancer diagnosis at advanced stages in a significant number of individuals. Alterations in gene expression leading to colorectal carcinogenesis are reflected in dysregulated levels of nucleic acids and proteins, which can be used for the development of novel, minimally invasive molecular biomarkers. The purpose of this review is to discuss the commercially available colorectal cancer molecular diagnostic methods as well as to highlight some of the new candidate predictive and prognostic molecular markers for tumor, stool, and blood samples.

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Are Volatile Organic Compounds Accurate Markers in the Assessment of Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? A Review

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13102361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2361

Author(s):

Filippo Vernia ◽

Marco Valvano ◽

Stefano Fabiani ◽

Gianpiero Stefanelli ◽

Salvatore Longo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the Western world. Early detection decreases incidence and mortality. Screening programs based on fecal occult blood testing help identify patients requiring endoscopic examination, but accuracy is far from optimal. Among the alternative strategies, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent novel potentially useful biomarkers of colorectal cancer. They also represent a promising tool for the screening of both intestinal inflammation and related CRC. The review is focused on the diagnostic potential of VOCs in sporadic CRC and in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which increase the risk of CRC, analyzing future clinical applications. Despite limitations related to inadequate strength of evidence, differing analytical platforms identify different VOCs, and this unconventional approach for diagnosing colorectal cancer is promising. Some VOC profiles, besides identifying inflammation, seem disease-specific in inflammatory bowel diseases. Thus, breath, urine, and fecal VOCs provide a new and promising clinical approach to differential diagnosis, evaluation of the inflammatory status, and possibly the assessment of treatment efficacy in IBD. Conversely, specific VOC patterns correlating inflammatory bowel disease and cancer risk are still lacking, and studies focused on this issue are strongly encouraged. No prospective studies have assessed the risk of CRC development by using VOCs in samples collected before the onset of disease, both in the general population and in patients with IBD.

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Economic burden of work injuries and diseases: a framework and application in five European Union countries

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-10050-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emile Tompa ◽

Amirabbas Mofidi ◽

Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽

Thijmen van Bree ◽

Frithjof Michaelsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Economic Burden ◽

National Level ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

The European Union ◽

Work Injuries ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Related Quality

Abstract Background Estimates of the economic burden of work injuries and diseases can help policymakers prioritize occupational health and safety policies and interventions in order to best allocate scarce resources. Several attempts have been made to estimate these economic burdens at the national level, but most have not included a comprehensive list of cost components, and none have attempted to implement a standard approach across several countries. The aim of our study is to develop a framework for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for selected European Union countries. Methods We develop an incidence cost framework using a bottom-up approach to estimate the societal burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for five European Union countries. Three broad categories of costs are considered—direct healthcare, indirect productivity and intangible health-related quality of life costs. We begin with data on newly diagnosed work injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We consider lifetime costs for cases across all categories and incurred by all stakeholders. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken for key parameters. Results Indirect costs are the largest part of the economic burden, then direct costs and intangible costs. As a percentage of GDP, the highest overall costs are for Poland (10.4%), then Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and Finland (2.7%). The Netherlands has the highest per case costs (€75,342), then Italy (€58,411), Germany (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and Poland (€38,918). Costs per working-age population are highest for Italy (€4956), then The Netherlands (€2930), Poland (€2793), Germany (€2527) and Finland (€2331). Conclusions Our framework serves as a template for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases across countries in the European Union and elsewhere. Results can assist policymakers with identifying health and safety priority areas based on the magnitude of components, particularly when stratified by key characteristics such as industry, injury/disease, age and sex. Case costing can serve as an input into the economic evaluation of prevention initiatives. Comparisons across countries provide insights into the relevant performance of health and safety systems.

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National Economic Burden Associated with Management of Periodontitis in Malaysia

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2016/1891074 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom ◽

Rasidah Ayob ◽

Khairiyah Abd Muttalib ◽

Syed Mohamed Aljunid

Keyword(s):

Societal Perspective ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Census Data ◽

Adult Population ◽

National Level ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Treatment Costs ◽

High Prevalence ◽

National Economic ◽

The Cost

Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic burden associated with the management of periodontitis in Malaysia from the societal perspective.Methods. We estimated the economic burden of periodontitis by combining the disease prevalence with its treatment costs. We estimated treatment costs (with 2012 value of Malaysian Ringgit) using the cost-of-illness approach and included both direct and indirect costs. We used the National Oral Health Survey for Adults (2010) data to estimate the prevalence of periodontitis and 2010 national census data to estimate the adult population at risk for periodontitis.Results. The economic burden of managing all cases of periodontitis at the national level from the societal perspective was approximately MYR 32.5 billion, accounting for 3.83% of the 2012 Gross Domestic Product of the country. It would cost the nation MYR 18.3 billion to treat patients with moderate periodontitis and MYR 13.7 billion to treat patients with severe periodontitis.Conclusion. The economic burden of periodontitis in Malaysia is substantial and comparable with that of other chronic diseases in the country. This is attributable to its high prevalence and high cost of treatment. Judicious application of promotive, preventive, and curative approaches to periodontitis management is decidedly warranted.

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Colorectal Cancer in Young and Older Adults in Uruguay: Changes in Recent Incidence and Mortality Trends

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18158232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 8232

Author(s):

Carina Musetti ◽

Mariela Garau ◽

Rafael Alonso ◽

Marion Piñeros ◽

Isabelle Soerjomataram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Older Adults ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Age Groups ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Colorectal Cancer Incidence

Uruguay has the highest colorectal cancer incidence rates in Latin America. Previous studies reported a stable incidence and a slight increase in mortality among males. We aimed to assess colorectal cancer incidence (2002–2017) and mortality trends (1990–2017) by age groups and sex, using data from the National Cancer Registry. Annual percent changes (APCs) were estimated using joinpoint regression models. We included 27,561 colorectal cancer cases and 25,403 deaths. We found an increasing incidence among both males and females aged 40–49, with annual increases of 3.1% (95%CI: 1.21–5.03) and 2.1% (95%CI: 0.49–3.66), respectively, and an increasein the rate in older males (70+) of 0.60% (95%CI: 0.02–1.20) per year between 2002 and 2017. Mortality remained stable among those younger than 50, whereas it decreased for older females aged 50–69 and 70+ (APC: −0.61% (−1.07–0.14) and −0.68% (−1.02–0.34), respectively), and increased for the oldest males (70+; APC: 0.74 (0.47–1.01)). In conclusion, we found rising colorectal cancer incidence accompanied by stable mortality in young adults. Sex disparities were also found among the older adults, with a more favorable pattern for females. Exposures to dietary and lifestyle risk factors, and inequalities in access to and awareness of screening programs, are probably among the main underlying causes and deserve further investigation.

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The Economic Burden of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-60500/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Ghaffari Darab ◽

Khosro Keshavarz ◽

Elnaz Sadeghi ◽

Javad Shahmohamadi ◽

Zahra Kavosi

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Death ◽

University Hospital ◽

Fars Province ◽

Income Loss ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Accounting Information Systems ◽

Economic Production ◽

The Mean

Abstract This study aimed to estimate both direct medical and indirect costs of treating the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a societal perspective in the patients at a referral hospital in Fars province as well as the economic burden of COVID-19 in Iran in 2020.Methods:This is a partial economic evaluation and a cross-sectional cost-description study conducted descriptively-analytically and based on the data of the COVID-19 patients referred to a referral university hospital in Fars province between March and July 2020. The data were collected by examining the patients' records and accounting information systems. The subjects included all the inpatients with COVID-19 (477 individuals) who admitted to the medical centre during the four months. Bottom-up costing, incidence-based and income-based human capital approaches were used as the main methodological features of this study.Results: The mean direct medical costs were estimated 28,240,025,968 Rials ($ 1,791,172) in total and 59,203,409 Rials ($ 3,755) per person, a significant part of which (41 %) was that of intensive and general care beds (11,596,217,487 Rials equal to $ 735,510. (The second to which were the costs of medicines and medical consumables (28 %). The mean indirect costs including income loss due to premature death, economic production loss due to hospitalization and job absenteeism during recovery course were estimated 129,870,974 Rials ($ 11634) per person. Furthermore, the economic burden of the disease in the country for inpatient cases with the definitive diagnosis was 22,688,925,933,095 Rial equal to $ 1,439,083,784.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the severe status of the disease would bring about the extremely high cost of illness in this case. It is estimated that the high prevalence rate of COVID-19 has been imposing a heavy economic burden on the country and health system directly that may result in rationing or painful cost-control approaches.

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Colorectal cancer screening and prevention—pros and cons

memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology ◽

10.1007/s12254-019-00520-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 239-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Markus Niederreiter ◽

Lukas Niederreiter ◽

Andreas Schmiderer ◽

Herbert Tilg ◽

Angela Djanani

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Short Review ◽

Premalignant Lesions ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Randomized Controlled Studies ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Screening Strategies ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Screening Procedures

Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancer entities worldwide and a leading cause of death. The disease is known to develop from potentially curable, premalignant lesions over several years and therefore is suitable for screening procedures and preventive measures. Several trials have demonstrated reduced incidence and mortality in screening cohorts. A multitude of different screening strategies for CRC have been implemented in different parts of the world. While randomized controlled studies directly comparing screening procedures are still ongoing, colonoscopy remains the gold standard for screening and the only procedure that allows to effectively prevent CRC by treating premalignant lesions. However, population-wide participation rates vary greatly but often only reach approximately 25%. Noninvasive screening strategies are indispensable to increase acceptance rates and for resource-limited regions with limited capacity for colonoscopy. Importantly, while incidence of CRC increases with age, lately we have seen a raise in incidence for CRC in the population below 50 years of age, potentially requiring to include younger adults (e.g., 45 years of age) into established screening programs. It remains important to continue to gather data and evidence regarding effectiveness of various screening strategies, preferably in randomized controlled trials. This short review will outline currently established screening procedures and will discuss the pros and cons for each individual approach.

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