scholarly journals Measuring Responses of Dicyandiamide-, 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate-, and Allylthiourea-Induced Nitrification Inhibition to Soil Abiotic and Biotic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7130
Author(s):  
Yu-Pin Lin ◽  
Andrianto Ansari ◽  
Lien-Chieh Cheng ◽  
Chiao-Ming Lin ◽  
Rainer-Ferdinand Wunderlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Study Laboratory

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as dicyandiamide (DCD), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and allylthiourea (AT) are commonly used to suppress ammonia oxidization at different time scales varying from a few hours to several months. Although the responses of NIs to edaphic and temperature conditions have been studied, the influence of the aforementioned factors on their inhibitory effect remains unknown. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to assess the short-term (24 h) influence of eight abiotic and biotic factors on the inhibitory effects of DCD, DMPP, and AT across six cropped and non-cropped soils at two temperature conditions with three covariates of soil texture. Simultaneously, the dominant contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) to potential ammonia oxidization (PAO) were distinguished using the specific inhibitor 2 phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO). Our results revealed that AT demonstrated a considerably greater inhibitory effect (up to 94.9% for an application rate of 75 mg of NI/kg of dry soil) than DCD and DMPP. The inhibitory effect of AT was considerably affected by the relative proportions of silt, sand, and clay in the soil and total PAO. In contrast to previous studies, the inhibitory effects of all three NIs remained largely unaffected by the landcover type and temperature conditions for the incubation period of 24 h. Furthermore, the efficacy of all three tested NIs was not affected by the differential contributions of AOA and AOB to PAO. Collectively, our results suggested a limited influence of temperature on the inhibitory effects of all three NIs but a moderate dependence of AT on the soil texture and PAO. Our findings can enhance the estimation of the inhibitory effect in soil, and pure cultures targeting the AOA and AOB supported ammonia oxidization and, hence, nitrogen dynamics under NI applications.

scholarly journals Soil Nitrification Potential Influences the Performance of Nitrification Inhibitors DCD and DMPP in Cropped and Non-Cropped Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Hussnain Mukhtar ◽  
Yu-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nitrification Potential ◽  
Edaphic Conditions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Great Consideration

The application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) shows promise in prolonging the ammonium presence in soil with beneficial effects for agriculture ecosystems and climate change mitigation. Although the inhibitory effect (IE) of NIs has been studied in the presence of various environmental and edaphic conditions, little is known about the effect of soil nitrification potential (NP) on the effectiveness of NIs. Here, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the variation in soil NP rates, among land-use type and temperature, on the performance of two nitrification inhibitors, dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP), at four NI application rates imposed upon eight cropland and non-cropland soils. We found that the IE of DCD and DMPP were organized according to soil NP rates. Nevertheless, NP was lower in non-cropped soil than in cropped systems, and DMPP-based inhibition was higher than DCD. The IE of both NIs decreased with NP and the amount of NI required to achieve an IE ≈ 50%, was significantly reduced for soils that exhibited the lowest NP rates, especially for DMPP. However, the temperature did not appear to have a major influence on IE of both DCD and DMPP, demonstrating the potential of NIs to inhibit nitrification for a wider temperature range, dependent on the NI application rate. Our findings provide evidence that change in soil NP rate has important influences on the efficacy of NI which required great consideration for N-fertilizer optimization with the application of nitrification inhibitors.

scholarly journals Transglycosylation Properties of a Novel α-1,4-Glucanotransferase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Its Application in Developing an α-Glucosidase-Specific Inhibitor

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hye-Jeong Choi ◽  
Dam-Seul Ko ◽  
Na-Ri Kim ◽  
Woo-Jae Choung ◽  
Ye-Seul Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Alignment ◽  
Prevention Of Diabetes ◽  
Hydrolase Family

In this study, α-glucanotransferase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Conserved amino-acid sequence alignment showed that Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-glucanotransferase (BtαGTase) belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 77. The enzyme exhibited optimal catalytic activity at 60°C and pH 3.0. BtαGTase catalyzed transglycosylation reactions that produced only glycosyl or maltosyl transfer products, which are preferable for the generation of transglycosylated products with high yield. The 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) glycosylation product G1-DNJ was generated using BtαGTase, and the inhibitory effect of G1-DNJ was analyzed. A kinetic study of inhibition revealed that G1-DNJ inhibited α-glucosidase to a greater extent than did DNJ but did not show any inhibitory effects towards α-amylase, suggesting that G1-DNJ is a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes.

Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Tropical Forest Plants on Urea Hydrolysis and Nitrification in Soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 877-881
Author(s):  
Yun Feng Shi ◽  
Li Li Zhang ◽  
Mu Qiu Zhao ◽  
Xiao Xiong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Toona Sinensis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Forest Plant Species ◽  
Forest Plants

Tropical forest plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites, and plant aqueous extracts can be used as urease and nitrification inhibitors to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the negative environmental effects. An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of 60 tropical forest plant species from 16 families on urea hydrolysis and nitrification. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts from 3 of the tropical forest plants (Aphanamixis polystachya, Toona sinensis, Vatica mangachapoi) belonging to meliaceae and dipterocarpaceae showed good inhibitory effects on urease, and the aqueous extracts from 5 of the tropical forest plants (Cryptocarya chinensis, Cryptocarya hainanensis, Toona sinensis, Khaya senegalensis, Hopea hainanensis) belonging to lauraceae, meliaceae and ipterocarpaceae showed good inhibitory effects on nitrification. The inhibitory effects of active substances in plants were affected by extract temperature, and the plants can be divided into three types by solubility and thermal stability. Toona sinensis had the most potential for development in this study as urea additive. The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Toona sinensis leaves on urea hydrolysis and nitrification increased with increasing concentration of aqueous extracts, the strongest inhibitory effect on urease occurred after 2-3 d of incubation, and the strongest inhibitory effect on nitrification occurred after 2-3 weeks of incubation.

scholarly journals Ginsenoside Rh1 Prevents Migration and Invasion through Mitochondrial ROS-Mediated Inhibition of STAT3/NF-κB Signaling in MDA-MB-231 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10458
Author(s):  
Yujin Jin ◽  
Diem Thi Ngoc Huynh ◽  
Chang-Seon Myung ◽  
Kyung-Sun Heo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Ros ◽  
Stat3 Phosphorylation ◽  
High Level

Breast cancer (BC) a very common cancer in women worldwide. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown to have a poor prognosis with a high level of tumor metastatic spread. Here, the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside-Rh1 (Rh1) on BC metastasis, and its underlying signaling pathway in TNBC were investigated. Rh1-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed for metastasis using a wound healing assay, transwell migration and invasion assay, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. Rh1 treatment significantly inhibited BC metastasis by inhibiting the both protein and mRNA levels of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A. Further, Rh1-mediated inhibitory effect on BC migration was associated with mitochondrial ROS generation. Rh1 treatment significantly eliminated STAT3 phosphorylation and NF-κB transactivation to downregulate metastatic factors, such as MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A. In addition, Mito-TEMPO treatment reversed Rh1 effects on the activation of STAT3, NF-κB, and their transcriptional targets. Rh1 further enhanced the inhibitory effects of STAT3 or NF-κB specific inhibitor, stattic or BAY 11-7082 on MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A expression, respectively. In summary, our results revealed the potent anticancer effect of Rh1 on TNBC migration and invasion through mtROS-mediated inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling.

4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole can be more effective than commercial nitrification inhibitors at high soil temperatures

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Rehmat Ali ◽  
Asma Lodhi ◽  
Muhammad Sajid
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Nitrification Inhibition ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
New Compounds

Commercial nitrification inhibitors (NIs), namely nitrapyrin, 3,4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD), are ineffective at high temperatures. Therefore, it is imperative to explore new compounds that can be commercialised as effective NIs for warm climatic conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the potential of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATC) with the two commercial NIs DMPP and DCD to delay nitrification of (NH4)2SO4 in an alkaline calcareous soil incubated under aerobic conditions at warm temperatures (35 and 25°C). Inhibitors were incorporated in (NH4)2SO4 granules and nitrification inhibition was calculated on the basis of net NH4+-N disappearance and net NO3–-N accumulation. At 35°C, the inhibitory effect of DCD and DMPP persisted only for 1 week, whereas ATC was effective up to 4 weeks. At 25°C, the inhibitory effect of ATC, DMPP and DCD was comparable. In another set of experiments, different concentrations of ATC (0.25–6% of N) were tested at three different temperatures (35, 25 and 18°C). At 35°C, ATC applied at 2% of N caused 63% inhibition for 2 weeks, whereas at a rate of 4–6% of N the inhibitory effect of ATC persisted up to 4 weeks (63–84% inhibition). At 25°C, ATC application at a rate of 1% of N caused 64% inhibition for 2 weeks; increasing the application rate to 2–6% of N prolonged the inhibitory effect up to 4 weeks (55–94% inhibition). At 18°C, a much lower concentration of ATC (0.25–0.5% of N) was required to achieve ≥50% inhibition for 2–4 weeks, whereas increasing the application rate to 2% of N caused 93% inhibition for 4 weeks. The results of the present study suggest that although commercially available NIs are ineffective at high summer temperatures, ATC may have the potential to be commercialised as an effective NI for warm as well as moderate climatic conditions.

In Vitro Effects of Ethanol on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation, Secretion of Granule Contents, and Cyclic AMP Levels in the Presence of Prostacyclin

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (02) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Rand ◽  
Peter L Gross ◽  
Donna M Jakowec ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
J Fraser Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets

SummaryEthanol, at physiologically tolerable concentrations, inhibits platelet responses to low concentrations of collagen or thrombin, but does not inhibit responses of washed rabbit platelets stimulated with high concentrations of ADP, collagen, or thrombin. However, when platelet responses to high concentrations of collagen or thrombin had been partially inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2), ethanol had additional inhibitory effects on aggregation and secretion. These effects were also observed with aspirin- treated platelets stimulated with thrombin. Ethanol had no further inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets stimulated with ADP, or the combination of ADP and epinephrine. Thus, the inhibitory effects of ethanol on platelet responses in the presence of PGI2 were very similar to its inhibitory effects in the absence of PGI2, when platelets were stimulated with lower concentrations of collagen or thrombin. Ethanol did not appear to exert its inhibitory effects by increasing cyclic AMP above basal levels and the additional inhibitory effects of ethanol in the presence of PGI2 did not appear to be brought about by further increases in platelet cyclic AMP levels.

Inhibition of ADP-Induced Responses in Human Platelets by Agents Elevating the Cyclic AMP Level: Comparison of Aggregation and Shape Change

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 333-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vider M Steen ◽  
Holm Holmsen
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Early Step ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Sequential Relationship

SummaryThe inhibitory effect of cAMP-elevating agents on shape change and aggregation in human platelets was studied to improve the understanding of the sequential relationship between these two responses.Human platelet-rich plasma was preincubated for 2 min at 37° C with prostaglandin E1 or adenosine, agents known to elevate the intracellular level of cAMP. Their inhibitory effects on ADP-induced shape change and aggregation were determined both separately and simultaneously. The dose-inhibition patterns for shape change and aggregation were similar for both PGE1 and adenosine. There was no distinct difference between the inhibitory action of these two inhibitors.These observations suggest that elevation of the intracellular concentration of cAMP interferes with an early step in the stimulus-response coupling that is common for aggregation and shape change.

The Inhibitory Effect of Heparin and Related Glycosaminoglycans on Neutrophil Chemotaxis

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaacov Matzner ◽  
Gerard Marx ◽  
Ruth Drexler ◽  
Amiram Eldor
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Migration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chemotactic Factor ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Boyden Chamber ◽  
Neutrophil Chemotaxis ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Chemotactic Factors

SummaryClinical observations have shown that heparin has antiinflammatory activities. The effect of heparin on neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated in vitro in the Boyden Chamber. This method enabled differentiation between the direct effects of heparin on neutrophil migration and locomotion, and its effects on chemotactic factors. Heparin inhibited both the random migration and directed locomotion of human neutrophils toward zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) and F-met-leu-phe (FMLP). Inhibition was found to be dependent on the concentrations of the heparin and of the chemotactic factors. No specific binding of heparin to the neutrophils could be demonstrated, and heparin’s inhibitory effects were eliminated by simple washing of the cells. When added directly to the chamber containing chemotactic factor, heparin inhibited the chemotactic activity of ZAS but not that of FMLP, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect against C5a, the principal chemotactic factor in ZAS.Experiments performed with low-molecular-weight heparin, N-desulfated heparin, dextran sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dextran indicated that the inhibitory effects of heparin on neutrophil chemotaxis are not related to its anticoagulant activity, but probably depend on the degree of sulfation of the heparin molecule.

Effects of abiotic and biotic factors on Vibrio harveyi ATCC 14126T survival dynamics in seawater microcosms

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Orruño ◽  
C Parada ◽  
E Ogayar ◽  
VR Kaberdin ◽  
I Arana
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Inhibition of Yeast Growth by Tryptamine and Recovery with Tryptophan

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrika Kadkol ◽  
Ian Macreadie
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Trna Synthetases ◽  
Fermentative Growth ◽  
Biogenic Monoamine

Background: Tryptamine, a biogenic monoamine that is present in trace levels in the mammalian central nervous system, has probable roles as a neurotransmitter and/or a neuromodulator and may be associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the ways tryptamine may affect the body is by the competitive inhibition of the attachment of tryptophan to tryptophanyl tRNA synthetases. Methods: This study has explored the effects of tryptamine on growth of six yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, C. krusei, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis and C. lusitaniae) in media with glucose or ethanol as the carbon source, as well as recovery of growth inhibition by the addition of tryptophan. Results: Tryptamine was found to have an inhibitory effect on respiratory growth of all yeast species when grown with ethanol as the carbon source. Tryptamine also inhibited fermentative growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. krusei and C. tropicalis with glucose as the carbon source. In most cases the inhibitory effects were reduced by added tryptophan. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study are consistent with tryptamine competing with tryptophan to bind mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tryptophanyl tRNA synthetases in yeast: effects on mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis can be studied as a function of growth with glucose or ethanol as a carbon source. Of the yeast species tested, there is variation in the sensitivity to tryptamine and the rescue by tryptophan. The current study suggests appropriate yeast strains and approaches for further studies.

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