scholarly journals How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7571
Author(s):  
Hongyu Wang ◽  
Xiaolei Wang ◽  
Apurbo Sarkar ◽  
Fuhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
The Government

Ever-increasing global environmental issues, land degradation, and groundwater contamination may significantly impact the agricultural sector of any country. The situation worsens while the global agricultural sectors are going through the unsustainable intensification of agricultural production powered by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This trend leads the sector to exercise environmentally friendly technology (EFT). Capital endowment and ecological cognition may significantly impact fostering farmers’ adoption of environmentally friendly technology. The government also tends to change the existing policies to cope with ever-increasing challenges like pollution control, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting agricultural sectors substantially by employing ecological compensation policy. The study’s main objective is to explore the impacts of farmer’s ecological compensation, capital endowment, and ecological cognition for the adoption of EFT. The empirical setup of the study quantifies with survey data of 471 apple farmers from nine counties of Shandong province. The study used Heckman’s two-stage model to craft the findings. The results showed that 52.02% of fruit farmers adopted two environmentally friendly technologies, and 23.99% of fruit farmers adopted three forms of environmentally friendly technologies. At the same time, we have traced that the capital endowment, planting scale, family income, and technical specialization of fruit farmers significantly impact adopting EFT. The study also revealed that understanding ecological compensation policy has a significant positive effect on adopting environmentally friendly technology. Seemingly, ecological compensation policy has a specific regulatory effect on fruit farmers’ capital endowment and ecological cognition. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the demonstration facilities, training, and frequently arrange awareness-building campaigns regarding rural non-point source pollution hazards and improve the cognition level of farmers. The agriculture extension department should strengthen the agricultural value chain facilities to make farmers fully realize the importance of EFT. Government should promote and extend the supports for availing new and innovative EFT at a reasonable price. Moreover, cooperative, financial, and credit organizations need to lead for the smooth transition of EFT. The agricultural cooperatives and formal risk-taking networks should act responsibly for shaping the behavioral factors of farmers.

中国农民合作社的功能与多样性变迁环境中发展现状探讨

Rural China ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cees Leeuwis ◽  
Rico Lie
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Farmer Cooperatives ◽  
Development Organizations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

Abstract The agricultural sector and the rural sector in China have experienced fundamental changes from the 1980s onward, and farmer cooperatives have emerged in response to these changes. Beginning in 1990, a series of different policies have been implemented by the Chinese government to promote farmer cooperatives (FCs). This article aims to explore the functioning of FCs on the basis of the type and scope of the services they provide and their connections with the rural communities. The findings show that activities carried out by FCs help to extend farmers’ engagement in value-chain participation and management. FCs, as organizational innovations, also provide opportunities to bring knowledge providers and farmers together. Some FCs are starting to coordinate activities for farmers, rural communities and local government to make better use of collective resources. Four types of FCs are identified in the research: commodity-based FCs, community-based FCs, specialized technology providers and credit service providers. The emergence of these four types of FCs is embedded in broader institutional developments. The government mainly promotes commodity-based FCs and specialized technology-providing FCs. Companies focus on commodity-based FCs, and research institutes and development organizations are involved in community-based FCs. These findings imply that an integrated and broader view of policies is needed to promote the development of FCs in the long run. (This article is in English.) 摘要 20世纪80年代以来中国的农村和农业经历了深刻的变革。从20世纪90年代开始，政府出台了一系列的政策推动农民合作社的发展，合作社数量逐步增加。本文意在展示合作社提供服务的类型和范围，以及他们与农村社区之间的联系，并以此为基础探讨合作社的功能发挥。本文研究显示合作社开展的活动有利于农户参与到农产品价值链不同环节以及价值链管理中。合作社作为一项组织创新，也为建立农户与技术提供者之间的联系搭建了桥梁。一些合作社协调农户、农村社区和政府部门之间的关系，实现了集体资源的充分利用。本研究将合作社分为四类：产品型合作社、 社区型合作社、专业技术服务合作社和资金互助合作社。这四类合作社的产生根植于外部制度环境。政府主要倡导产品型合作社和专业技术服务合作社的发展。公司致力于产品型合作社的发展，而研究机构和发展组织更多参与到社区型合作社的发展中。这些研究发现意味着政府需要制定更具包容性的政策，加强政策间的一致性，以从长远角度促进合作社的发展。

scholarly journals Stakeholder perceptions about sustainability governance in the German biogas sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Horschig ◽  
Kay Schaubach ◽  
Catharina Sutor ◽  
Daniela Thrän
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
International Level ◽  
Stakeholder Relationships ◽  
Expectation Gap ◽  
Sustainability Governance ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Since the steady growth of the German biogas sector, its sustainability is subject to constant scrutiny, especially economic and environmental sustainability. Public concerns about sustainability of biogas started with the issue of energy crop cultivation in the 2010s. To steer sustainability in the biogas sector, a broad variety of regulations and acts were enacted, mainly via top-down legislation making. But in order to govern sustainability in every step of the value chain, involvement of numerous stakeholders in the biogas sector is necessary. This paper will address the question: What are the perceptions of the relevant stakeholders in the biogas sector regarding various sustainability issues and what are their expectations? Methods Following an instrumental approach, three steps were initially undertaken for the systematic analysis of the stakeholder landscape, namely (1) stakeholder identification, (2) stakeholder categorization, and (3) investigation of stakeholder relationships. In addition, a theoretical mapping was performed to identify those actors, who most likely impact the implementation of biogas value chains, or are strongly affected by this implementation. These were then subject to surveys via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to gather information on their sustainability governance perception. Results Results indicate that key players are farmers and biogas associations due to anchoring in agricultural sector, along with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and policy makers. Furthermore, the surveyed stakeholders agree on regulating sustainability at national level, while tending toward neutral or even disagreeing for the regulation of sustainability at local and international level. They also agree that certification and standards can be an effective tool for compliant sustainability governance. Conclusions This study revealed a clear expectation gap regarding the transfer of the current energy legislation in a bio-economy and how sustainability shall be steered then (mandatory/voluntary and local (national) level/international level). The surveyed stakeholders expect transparent and clear rules from the government to steer sustainability that they currently do not perceive with regard to the expectation gap. In order to integrate the different stakeholders in the bio-economy development instead of confronting them with opaque legislation making, it is important to clearly communicate not only the opportunities but also the requirements that come along with the implementation of a bio-economy.

scholarly journals ‘Get a Fish’ vs. ‘Get a Fishing Skill’: Farmers’ Preferred Compensation Methods to Control Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2484
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Liuyang Yao
Keyword(s):  
Nonpoint Source Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agricultural Nonpoint Source

Ecological compensation is an important means for controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and compensation methods comprise an essential part of the compensation policy for mitigating this form of pollution. Farmers’ choice of compensation methods affects their response to compensation policies as well as the effects of pollution control and ecological compensation efficiency. This study divides ecological compensation methods into two distinct philosophies—the “get a fish” method (GFM) and “get a fishing skill” method (GFSM)—based on policy objectives, to determine farmers’ choice between the two methods and the factors influencing this choice. Furthermore, by analyzing survey data of 632 farmers in the Ankang and Hanzhong cities in China and using the multivariate probit model, the study determines farmers’ preferred option among four specific compensation modes of GFM and GFSM. The three main results are as follows. (1) The probability of farmers choosing GFM is 82%, while that of choosing GFSM is 51%. Therefore, GFM should receive more attention in compensation policies relating to agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. (2) Of the four compensation modes, the study finds a substitution effect between farmers’ choice of capital and technology compensations, capital and project compensations, material and project compensations, while there is a complementary relationship between the choice of material and technology compensations. Therefore, when constructing the compensation policy basket, attention should be given to achieving an organic combination of different compensation methods. (3) Highly educated, young, and male farmers with lower part-time employment, large cultivated land, and a high level of eco-friendly technology adoption and policy understanding are more likely to choose GFSM. Hence, the government should prioritize promoting GFSM for farmers with these characteristics, thereby creating a demonstration effect to encourage transition from GFM to GFSM.

scholarly journals Impact of covid-19 public health containment measures (lockdown) on agricultural activities and livestock sub-sector: A case of Southwest, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-252
Author(s):  
J. T. Ojediran ◽  
T. K. Ojediran ◽  
G. E. Fanifosi ◽  
R. G. Adeola ◽  
O. A. Ajao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown surpasses the health sector. A multi- disciplinary team of experts in agriculture including crop, livestock, economics and extension drew out a questionnaire on areas of impact, mitigation and constraints imposed by COVID-19 and accompanied lockdown. The survey was administered online to farmers in South-west, Nigeria. A total of 1,080 respondents from Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo and Lagos States (319, 225, 119, 213, 202 and 78, respectively) responded. Obtained data for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation). The study revealed that COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown had a devastating impact on Agriculture/livestock activities and the value chain. Most of the respondents were married, active males (x=44 years) and livestock farmers. The respondents perceived that producer/farmers and marketers (64-66%) were profoundly affected while agro-processors and input/agrochemical merchants (53%) were moderately affected. Majority of the respondents agreed that the pandemic and lockdown changed agriculture with the threat to life and livelihoods (94.44%), with looming food/feed crises (92.96), increased cost of food/feed production (90.65%), economic loss (x WMS = 4.32), reduced quality food availability (x=4.18), increased income insecurity (x=4.18) and social vices (x=4.50) as a result of logistical (transportation/ movement) restrictions and border closures. Our study, therefore, suggests that there is a need for collaborative effort from the government and the stakeholders to strengthen the agricultural sector through finance to increase production and enhanced value chain. This will go a long way in achieving self- sufficiency in food and industrial raw materials post-COVID-19 period.     L'impact de la pandémie et du confinement du COVID-19 dépasse le secteur de la santé. Une équipe multidisciplinaire d'experts en agriculture, y compris les cultures, le bétail, l'économie et la vulgarisation, a élaboré un questionnaire avec les domaines d'impact,   Impact of COVID-19 public health containment measures (lockdown)   d'atténuation et les contraintes imposées par COVID-19 et le confinement accompagné. L'enquête a été administrée en ligne aux agriculteurs du sud-ouest du Nigéria. Au total, 1 080 répondants des États d'Oyo, d'Osun, d'Ekiti, d'Ogun, d'Ondo et de Lagos (319, 225, 119, 213, 202 et 78, respectivement) ont répondu. Les données obtenues pour cette étude ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives (nombre de fréquences, pourcentage, moyenne et écart-type). L'étude a révélé que la pandémie et le confinement du COVID-19 avaient un impact dévastateur sur les activités agricoles / de bétail et la chaîne de valeur. La plupart des répondants étaient mariés, des hommes actifs (= 44 ans) et des éleveurs. Les répondants ont perçu que les producteurs / agriculteurs et les commerçants (64-66%) étaient profondément affectés tandis que les agro-transformateurs et les commerçants d'intrants / agrochimiques (53%) étaient modérément affectés. La majorité des répondants ont convenu que la pandémie et le confinement ont changé l'agriculture avec une menace pour la vie et les moyens de subsistance (94.44%), avec des crises imminentes pour les denrées alimentaires et les aliments pour animaux (92.96), une augmentation du coût de la production de denrées alimentaires / aliments pour animaux (90.65%), des pertes économiques (x=4.32), une disponibilité alimentaire de qualité réduite (x= 4.18), une insécurité accrue des revenus (x= 4.18) et des vices sociaux (x= 4.50) en raison des restrictions logistiques (transport / mouvement) et des fermetures de frontières. Notre étude suggère donc qu'il est nécessaire de déployer des efforts de collaboration de la part du gouvernement et des parties prenantes pour renforcer le secteur agricole par le biais du financement afin d'augmenter la production et d'améliorer la chaîne de valeur. Cela contribuera grandement à atteindre l'autosuffisance en matières premières alimentaires et industrielles après la période COVID-19.

scholarly journals Simulation of Regulation Policies for Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction in Arable Land Based on Farmers’ Behavior—Using Jiangxi Province as an Example

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiying Liu ◽  
Hualin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
Better Than

A multi-agent model for the simulation of arable land management based on the complex adaptive system theory and a Swarm platform was constructed. An empirical application of the model was carried out to investigate the pollution of arable land in Jiangxi Province. Two sets of policies—a fertilizer tax and an ecological compensation scheme—were designed and simulated, and the analysis focused on the control of polluting inputs, mainly chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The environmental effects of each policy were evaluated by simulating farmers’ self-adaptive behaviours in response to the policy in the artificial village of the model. The results showed the following: (1) Both the fertilizer tax policy and the ecological compensation policy somewhat alleviated the negative impact of input factors, such as fertilizers and pesticides, on arable land; (2) if the fertilizer tax policy is implemented, the medium tax rate scheme should be given priority—the effect does not necessarily improve as the tax rate increases, and a high-tax policy will threaten food security in the long term; and (3) if an ecological compensation policy is implemented, high-government-compensation scenarios are better than low-government-compensation scenarios, and the differential-government-compensation scenario is better than the equal-government-compensation scenario, and the differential-government-compensation scenario can lighten the burden on the government.

PEMETAAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT NASIONAL DAN KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGANNYA

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subiyanto Subiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Missing Value ◽  
Technology Capability ◽  
The Government

Palm oil industry in Indonesia has been growing rapidly. But, unfortunately the growth is only effective on upstream industry with low value products, such that potential downstream value added are not explored proportionally. The government is therefore in the process of developing an appropriate policy to strengthen the national palm oil downstream industry. This paper proposes that an approriate policy for developing palm oil downstream industry could be derived from the maps of value chain and existing technology capability of the industry. The result recommends that government policy should emphasize on the supply of raw materials, infrastructure and utilities, as well as developing the missing value chain industry, especially ethoxylation and sulfonation.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

Intra-sectoral and Intersectoral Parity Issues in Pricing of Agricultural Crops: A Preliminary Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417
Author(s):  
Sarfraz K. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Over Time

Intersectoral terms of trade play a cruc1al role in determining the sectoral distribution of income and resource allocation in the developing countries. The significance of intra-sectoral terms of trade for the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is also widely accepted by research scholars and policy-makers. In the context of planned development, the government specifies production targets for the agricultural sector and for different crops. The intervention of government in the field of price determination has important implications for the achievement of planned targets. In Pakistan, there is a feeling among many groups including farmers and politicians with a rural background that prices of agricultural crops have not kept their parities intact over time and that prices generally do not cover the costs of production. The feeling that production incentives for agriculture have been eroded is especially strong for the period since the early 1970s. It is argued that strong inflationary pressures supported by a policy of withdrawal of government subsidies on agricultural inputs have resulted in rapid increases in the prices paid by agriculturists and that increases in the prices received by farmers were not enough to compensate them for the rising prices of agricultural inputs and consumption goods.

PEMETAAN RANTAI NILAI IKAN PELAGIS KECIL DI KOTA AMBON

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Yolanda MTN Apituley ◽  
Dionisius Bawole ◽  
Imelda KE Savitri ◽  
Friesland Tuapettel
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Value Chain Analysis ◽  
Small Pelagic Fish ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
Market Distance ◽  
Role Of The Government

This research was taken in Ambon (Latuhalat and Laha) and in Central Maluku Regency (Waai) in May – July 2018. It was aimed at mapping the value chain of small pelagic fish in Ambon through: 1) mapping of product, financial and information flows and 2). analysis of percentage distribution of small pelagic fish caught. The data used in this study was primary and secondary data, and analyzed by using value chain analysis. The results show that small pelagic fish marketing chain in Ambon consisted of six models with five actors. Each chain is formed due to the conditions and situation of market, resulted by the influencing of catches of fishermen and traders' capital. The broker plays an important role in marketing small pelagic fish in the market and obtaining 10% of the fishermen's catch that can be distributed, both to retailers and cold storage. Fish caught by the fishermen is still fresh in general when arrives in the consumers, because the fishing area is not too far, the market distance with the production centers is also quite close and in general fishermen and traders have understood the importance of maintaining product quality. Even so, the role of the Government in providing marketing facilities and infrastructure is needed so that modern market conditions can be applied in marketing fresh fish in Ambon.

Ghana: the State of Agriculture and Prospects for Food Security in the Context of Achieving SDGs

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Tatyana Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government

For the first time in Russian African studies, the author examines the current state of agriculture, challenges and prospects for food security in Ghana, which belongs to the group of African countries that have made the most progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals adopted by UN member states in 2015 with a view of achieving them by 2030. The SDGs include: ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (Goal 1); ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture (2); ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages (3), etc. These goals are considered fundamental because the achievement of a number of other SDGs – for example, ensuring quality education (4), achieving gender equality (5), ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns (12), etc. – largely depends on their implementation. Ghana was commended by the world community for the significant reduction in poverty, hunger and malnutrition between 2000 and 2014, i.e. for the relatively successful implementation of the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–2015) – the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. However, SDGs require more careful study and planning of implementation measures. In order to achieve the SDGs, the Government of Ghana has adopted a number of programs, plans and projects, the successful implementation of which often stumbles upon the lack of funding and lack of coordination between state bodies, private and public organizations, foreign partners – donors and creditors, etc., which are involved in the processes of socioeconomic development of Ghana. The author determines the reasons for the lack of food security in Ghana, gives an assessment of the state of the agricultural sector, the effective development of which is a prerequisite for the reduction of poverty and hunger, primarily due to the engagement of a significant share (45%) of the economically active population in this sector. The study shows that the limited growth in food production is largely due to the absence of domestic markets and necessary roads, means of transportation, irrigation and storage infrastructure, as well as insufficient investment in the agricultural sector, rather than to a shortage of fertile land or labor.

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