scholarly journals Body Mass and Income: Gender and Occupational Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9599
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Xiaozhou Chen ◽  
Qi Yao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Health Capital ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey

This paper aims to examine the influence of body shape on income, which varies with gender and occupational structure in China. The data were obtained from the CGSS (Chinese General Social Survey) 2010–2017 Survey. The overall finding in this paper is that women and men face different body shape–income effects. For females, the obesity penalty is significant and is reinforced with increasing occupational rank. For men, the thinness penalty (or weight premium) is enhanced as the occupational class decreases. Body shape–income gaps are mainly caused by the occupational structure. Twenty-nine percent of the income gap between overweight and average weight women can be explained by the obesity penalty, 37% of the income gap between overweight and average weight men can be interpreted by the weight premium, and 11% of the gap between underweight and normal weight men can be explained by the thinness penalty. The findings also suggest that the effect of body shape on income consists of two pathways: body shape affects health capital and socialization, and therefore income. Healthy lifestyles and scientific employment concepts should be promoted, and measures to close the gender gap should be implemented.

scholarly journals COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION WITH D10-CA GLUCONATE AND D5 1/4NS IN NORMAL-WEIGHT NEONATES WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Fitria Ningsih ◽  
Rani Sauriasari ◽  
Agusdini Banun Saptaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

Objectives: This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of using D10-CaGluconate and D5 1/4NS preparations in normalweightneonatal patients with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in Kambang General Hospital, Jambi, Indonesia.Methods: The research was conducted from September 2014 to June 2015. The study participants were divided into two groups; D10-CaGluconatewas administered to 40 patients and D5 1/4NS to 43 patients. Effectiveness was assessed based on the changes in the physical examination results,average weight gain (28.48 and 23.49 g/day), blood glucose levels (26.73 and 26.42 mg/dL), respiratory rate (−12.35 breaths/minute and −7.77breaths/minute), pulse frequency (−10.98 and −8.07 ±), and body temperature (0.013°C and 0.012°C) of the patients in the D10-CaGluconate andD5 1/4NS groups, respectively.Results: The average direct medical costs of using D10-CaGluconate and D5 1/4NS were 458,290 IDR and 408,347 IDR, respectively. The average costeffectivenessratio value of total direct medical costs for D10-CaGluconate preparation was 35,207,467 IDR while that for D5 1/4NS was 33,958,602IDR. The direct medical cost of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio mean value of the D5 1/4NS preparation that compared to the D10-CaGluconatepreparation was 10,017,210 IDR.Conclusions: The parenteral nutrition preparation of D10-CaGluconate is more cost-effective than that of D5 1/4NS.

scholarly journals Intergenerational housing asset transfer and the reproduction of housing inequality in urban China

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Housing Status ◽  
Housing Inequality ◽  
Asset Transfer ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey

After the massive commodification of urban housing in the 1990s, housing inequality is now a major source of wealth inequality in urban China. Previous studies of housing inequality have rarely explored the extent and mechanisms of intergenerational housing inequality reproduction. This study fills this gap and examines how intergenerational housing asset transfer affects housing status in contemporary urban China. An analysis of data from the 2006 Chinese General Social Survey yields two important findings. First, ascribed factors such as parental social status have a greater influence than individuals’ own social status on their housing status. Second, intergenerational housing asset transfer has become an important mechanism of housing inequality reproduction. Elite parents are more likely to provide transferred assets, which prevents their downward-mobilised children from changing their relative housing status. Against the backdrop of rising wealth inequality in China, this study illustrates how the intergenerational transmission of economic resources is becoming an increasingly important mechanism of inequality reproduction.

scholarly journals Weight-based stigma/discrimination and disordered eating: exploring the mechanisms in obese adults and normal-weight undergraduates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism

Individuals who experience stigma/discrimination on the basis of their weight are at an elevated risk for disordered eating; however, the specific associations between various facets of weight-based stigma/discrimination with disordered eating and the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. To address this conundrum, the current study examined the relations between three components of weight-based stigma/discrimination with binge/emotional eating, as well as potential psychological distress mechanisms of these relations, in obese female bariatric surgery-seeking patients and predominately normal-weight female undergraduate students. Results revealed that individuals who reported concerns regarding experiencing weight-based stigma, perceived that they have been discriminated against on the basis of their weight, and/or internalized anti-fat attitudes were at an elevated risk for binge eating across both samples. Body shape concerns emerged as the most relevant explanatory mechanism in the relation between weight-based stigma/discrimination and disordered eating across both samples.

scholarly journals Influence of Commercial Insurance Purchase on the Health Status of Chinese Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-Chang Xu ◽  
Xiu-Juan Li ◽  
Meng-Yao Gao
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Research Result ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Commercial Insurance ◽  
Medical Reform ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey ◽  
Better Than

Under the context of rapid economic and social development, and growing demands for a better life, Chinese residents have been increasingly concerned with their health status and issues. In this study, the internal relations between the purchase of commercial insurance by residents and their health status are analyzed and studied with a polytomous logit model based on the data of Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2015. According to the research result, purchase of commercial insurance significantly improved the health status of residents, with an improving effect for rural residents apparently better than that among urban residents. In addition, purchase of commercial insurance can promote the health status of residents by increasing their household income. This research will provide an effective reference for the innovative development and medical reform of the commercial insurance of China in the future, which is theoretically and practically significant to the implementation of the Healthy China Strategy.

Adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ and peers’ opinions about their body weight

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reema Tayyem ◽  
Sabika Allehdan ◽  
Hiba Bawadi ◽  
Georgianna Tuuri ◽  
Mariam Al-Mannai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Parental Criticism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Body Weights

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ and peers’ opinions about body weight and their actual weight status. Design/methodology/approach A total of 795 Jordanian adolescents, 15-18 years of age, were recruited in this study. Adolescents completed a questionnaire to evaluate their perceptions: about how their parents’ and peers’ viewed their weight, regarding any criticism of their parents and peers about their weight and if their parents compared their weight against their siblings. Findings The study found that the majority of non-overweight adolescents thought their parents and peers considered them to have a normal weight (94.9 and 94.6 per cent for boys, 76.6 and 85.5 per cent for girls, respectively). For obese girls, 83.4 per cent thought their parents and 91.7 per cent thought their peers perceived them as overweight. The risk of being obese was significantly related to the amount of parental criticism perceived by adolescent girls with OR = 3.9 (95 per cent CI: 1.6-9.4; P = 0.01), while perception of peer criticism showed an increased trend of risk for obesity in boys. Adolescents’ perceptions regarding parental comparisons between their body weights against their siblings’ body weight was found to increase the risk for obesity significantly among girls. Originality/value The current study highlights that most of the obese adolescents perceived that their parents and peers underestimated their actual weight status. While obese boys were more likely to report being criticized about their body shape by their peers, obese girls indicated that they received more criticism about their weight from their parents.

Insoddisfazione corporea in adolescenza: influenze di fattori bio-psico-sociali

2009 ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Cristina Stefanile ◽  
Camilla Matera ◽  
Elena Pisani ◽  
Ilaria Zambrini
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sociocultural Influences ◽  
Shape Concern

- Body dissatisfaction is a central aspect for self-evaluation; pressures to maintain an ideal physique can result in disordered eating habits. In young women, body concern and anxiety related to some parts of it can be expressed through their desire to lose weight. The aim of the study is to analyze the role of some risk factors, such as Body Mass Index (BMI), low self-esteem and sociocultural influences in affecting body dissatisfaction, expressed in terms of distance from an ideal and body concern. Participants are 187 adolescent females aged between 14 and 16. Risk factors taken into consideration seem to have a different effect on the two aspects characterizing dissatisfaction. BMI, self-esteem and internalization of a thin ideal seem to influence the distance perceived from an ideal body; pressure, besides BMI and self-esteem, affect weight and body shape concern. Body shape concern seems to be influenced even by internalization and awareness. It can be observed that such risk factors, in particular BMI, play a different role in adolescents classified as normal weight and underweight.Parole chiave: immagine corporea, insoddisfazione corporea, adolescenti femmine, influenze socioculturali, autostima, indice di massa corporeaKey words: body image, body dissatisfaction, adolescent girls, sociocultural influences, selfesteem, body mass index

Partners’ Educational Pairings and Subjective Well-Being in China: An Analysis Using the Diagonal Mobility Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110380
Author(s):  
Xiaohang Zhao ◽  
Skylar Biyang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey

Using pooled data from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015, this study investigated the relationship between partners’ educational pairings and subjective well-being among Chinese. Diagonal mobility models were employed to avoid conflating the effect of each partner’s education and the effect of the difference in education between partners. The findings reveal that regarding the well-being consequences of partners’ educational pairings, the hypothesis of satisfaction with marrying up outweighs the hypothesis of educational homogamy advantages and the hypothesis of sex roles. Specifically, for both women and men, persons marrying up in education are more likely to feel happy than their educationally homogamous counterparts. Moreover, educational hypergamy confers more psychological benefits to women in high-income communities than those in low-income communities. In addition, the earnings difference between partners plays a part in men’s SWB. Husbands who earn less than their wives are more likely to be unhappy than those whose earnings are 1–1.5 times those of their wives, suggesting that sex-role norms are at work. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the well-being consequences of educational heterogamy.

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