Somatotype Profiles of Montenegrin Karatekas: An Observational Study

Competitive karate activity involves numerous factors affecting performance in sport. Physical structure and somatotype is considered to be one of them. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences between karate athletes in five male and five female official weight categories in different anthropometric measurements and to determine the somatotype profiles of athletes divided by weight categories. This study consisted of a total of 27 male karate athletes (21.88 ± 4.66 years) and 24 female karate athletes (20.29 ± 3.14 years). Measurements were taken in April 2020. Athletes are classified into official weight categories according to World Karate Federation rules. Somatotypes were calculated using anthropometry. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis to compare group differences regarding weight categories. Anthropometric parameters were highest in the heaviest categories compared to lighter categories. All male subjects were endomorphic mesomorph, except for category <84 kg, which was endomorphic ectomorphs. Somatotype analysis of male categories found a difference between the <75 kg and <84 kg in endomorphy. In mesomorphy, there is no difference between categories. Perceiving ectomorphy, there is a significant difference between the first category and the >84 kg. Profiling female athletes, three different types of somatotypes were obtained concerning the weight category. The lightest weight category was predominantly endomorphic ectomorphs, and two weight categories were ectomorphic endomorphs (<61 kg and <68 kg), and the other two weight categories were endomorphic mesomorphs (<55 kg and >68 kg). Somatotype differences in the female karate athletes were observed only in the ectomorphy components, between <50 kg and <61 kg. The present study points to how the somatotypes profiles of karate athletes differ between weight categories.

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Somatotypes and handgrip strength analysis of elite Serbian sambo athletes

Exercise and Quality of Life ◽

10.31382/eqol.210601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 5-12

Author(s):

Jelena Slankamenac ◽

◽

Tatjana Trivić ◽

Damjan Jakšić ◽

Miodrag Drapšin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Anthropometric Measurements ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

Weight Category ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Novi Sad ◽

Post Hoc

The aim of this study was to establish whether there are differences between weight categories in different anthropometric measurements and handgrip strength between elite Serbian male and female sambo athletes divided into weight categories. A total of 70 elite Serbian sambo athletes participated in the study, who were participants of the World Cadet Sambo Championship held in Novi Sad. Athletes are classified into categories according to gender and official weight categories. Using anthropometry, we calculated somatotypes and hand-grip strength. For statistical analysis, we used a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests to compare group differences by weight categories. Somatotype analysis shows that a typical somatotype in male sambo athletes was endomorphic mesomorphs. In female groups, the most common somatotype in the lightest categories was mesomorphic ectomorphs, and in the heaviest categories were endomorphic mesomorphs. Examining the handgrip for both left and right hand, as well as in total, shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the categories. In total, the strength of the handgrip increases progressively in groups. In male categories, the difference exists between the first 4 groups and -78kg, as well as between -42kg and -46kg and the heaviest weight category. Differences between weight categories in female athletes were found between the lightest group and last six groups in total, in favor of the last six. Anthropometric measurements revealed a statistically significant difference between weight categories. Mesomorphy was the most dominant somatotype in male categories, while female athletes differed concerning weight category. The achieved results can serve as data to compare the somatotype and handgrip strength of elite sambo athletes on a national and international level. These findings suggest that the handgrip strength and somatotypes are the keys to success in relation to the weight category.

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RELEVANCE OF VO2max CONSUMPTION IN ELITE BULGARIAN TAEKWONDO COMPETITORS

Journal of Applied Sports Sciences ◽

10.37393/jass.2021.02.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2021) ◽

pp. 28-39

Author(s):

Dimitar Avramov ◽

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Treadmill Test ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Weight Category ◽

National Team ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The One ◽

Male Subjects ◽

One Way Anova

The aim of this study was to determine aerobic fitness through the VO2max treadmill test of elite Bulgarian taekwondo players with international results, and to determine whether the aerobic system had an effect upon the sports result in taekwondo. Fourteen elite taekwondo athletes, members of the Bulgarian national team (8 male and 6 female) were tested using a continuous progressive treadmill test. Physiological characteristics such as maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max), blood lactate and heart rate were measured. The male athletes recorded 58.2±3.4 ml kg–1 min–1 and the female 46.0±2.8 ml kg–1 min–1. The lactate level reached its highest at the 6’ after the VO2max with results for the males of 11.5±3.7 (mmol l-1) and 9.9±4.1 (mmol l-1) for the females respectively. A comparison between our results, regarding VO2max and previously reported was made using the One-way Anova for independent samples. It showed no significant difference between the male subjects (58.2±3.4 versus 60.7±3.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1), p>.05) and significant difference between the female ones (46.0±2.8 versus 49.8±2.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1), p<.05). Investigated also was the number of kicks executed by the winner of -49 kg weight category and her direct opponents during the 2019 Grand Prix Sofia. It was discovered that the winner kicked an average of 86.25 times per match and her kicks during the Grand Prix Sofia accumulated to 390 in total. It is our conclusion that the aerobic fitness does not play a significant role in taekwondo.

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Analysis of the NWAA Swimming Classification System

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.9.2.141 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 141-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gale M. Gehlsen ◽

Joan Karpuk

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Classification System ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Class V ◽

Male And Female ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Medical Classification ◽

Post Hoc

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the National Wheelchair Athletic Association (NWAA) classification system in swimming events. The NWAA records of freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke in nine classifications of both male and female athletes were used (N=1,256). Each athlete’s speed was calculated from the reported time and distance. There was a significant difference in classification for all events except the paraplegic 50- and 100-m backstroke events. Post hoc data analyses within classification for the 50- and 100-m freestyle events indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classifications. Post hoc data analyses within classifications for the 50-m butterfly event indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classes except Class V and Class VI athletes. Tetraplegic within classification post hoc data analyses indicated significant differences between 1A and both Classes 1B and 1C. Gender differences were statistically indicated for all events. The logic of the medical classification system of the NWAA cannot be totally supported by these data. However, the results do not offer clear direction for any combination of classes.

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A new way of Reaching consumers: the Role of Marketing Related Mobile Factors on the Consumers' Acceptance of Multichannel Mobile Marketing

10.54216/ajbor.030203 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 94-106

Author(s):

Alaa Elsayed Elsayaad ◽

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Research Field ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Mobile Marketing ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

This research investigates factors that may affect the level of acceptance of mobile marketing and determines if there is a relationship between these factors and the level of acceptance of mobile marketing. It separately investigates the most influential factors affecting the level of acceptance. This research was to investigate as well if there were differences in the readiness of undergraduate students regarding acceptance and factors leading to acceptance in terms of gender, age, education, and place. The research depends upon a sample of undergraduate students studying in universities. The researcher employed statistical techniques such as descriptive, correlation analysis, linear multiple regression, one-way Anova, and the post hoc test. The main findings from this research are that factors affecting acceptance were related to the level of acceptance of mobile marketing in the research field of reality. There is a significant difference between undergraduate students regarding factors affecting acceptance of mobile marketing; also there is a significant difference between undergraduate students regarding their readiness of acceptance in terms of some demographic characteristics.

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Comparison of Sprint Reaction and Visual Reaction Times of Athletes in Different Branches

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v5i1.1987 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Murat Akyüz ◽

Başar Basri Uzaldi ◽

Öznur Akyüz ◽

Yeliz Doğru

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Significance Level ◽

Study Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Package Program ◽

Visual Reaction ◽

The Mean ◽

Post Hoc

The aims of this study are to analyse sprint reaction and visual reaction times of female athletes of different branches competing in Professional leagues and to show the differences between them. 42 voluntary female athletes from various branches of Professional leagues of İstanbul (volleyball, basketball, handball) were included in the experiment group of this study. Lafeyetta Moart Reaction meter for visual reaction measurements and Fusionsport Pro Photocell meter for sprint reaction test measurements were used for participating athletes. Mean measurements were obtained for all tests. SPSS 22 statistical package program was used for analysing data for Windows. Kruskall Wallis, Anova and Post Hoc test was used while comparing the data between the groups. Statistical significance level was taken as p<0.05. Study results show that no statistically significant difference was observed among the mean visual reaction values of basketball, volleyball and handball players (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed among the averages of sprint reaction total values of players (p<0.05). According to visual reaction measurements, handball players were better compared with the other branches (p<0.05). No relationship was observed between visual reaction and sprint reactions of players among the branches.

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Time-Loss Injuries in Karate: A Prospective Cohort Study of 4 Consecutive World Karate Championships

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119865866 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 232596711986586 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dušana Augustovičová ◽

Reidar P. Lystad ◽

Rafael Arriaza

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Martial Arts ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Time Loss ◽

Injury Surveillance System ◽

Weight Category ◽

Karate Athletes

Background: Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competitions are scarce, especially those involving time-loss injuries. The upsurge of karate athletes competing in top-level karate competitions warrants elucidation of the time-loss injury risk. Purpose: To determine the time-loss injury proportion and incidence rate, describe the injury pattern among elite senior karate athletes, and compare the risk of time-loss injuries in male versus female athletes and in individual (ie, weight categories) versus team competitions (free-weight category). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were collected at 4 consecutive World Karate Championships (2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016). Injury incidence rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 minutes of exposure (IIRME), with 95% CIs. Subgroups were compared by calculating their rate ratios with 95% CIs. Results: A total of 506 injuries were recorded, of which 51 were time-loss injuries (10%). The overall time-loss injury rate was significantly lower for female versus male athletes and slightly lower for team versus individual competitions. Overall, 1.4% of all athletes sustained a time-loss injury, and the IIRAE and IIRME were 5.13 (95% CI, 3.82-6.74) and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.47-2.60), respectively. The most common type of time-loss injury was fracture (41%), followed by dislocation (20%) and concussion (12%). Conclusion: The time-loss injury incidence rate for top-level karate competitions found in this prospective study was relatively low. Comprehensive knowledge about the incidence of time-loss injuries during karate competitions represents an essential basis to develop effective strategies for injury prevention. Thus, the introduction of a uniform injury surveillance system in martial arts is of utmost importance.

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Comparative study of anthropometric measurement and body composition between basketball players from different competitive levels: elite and sub-elite

Pedagogics psychology medical-biological problems of physical training and sports ◽

10.15561/18189172.2019.0403 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 176-181

Author(s):

B. Masanovic ◽

S. Popovic ◽

D. Bjelica

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anthropometric Characteristics ◽

Bone Content ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Male Subjects ◽

Sedentary Subjects

Background and Study Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of basketball players from two competitive levels, elite and sub-elite as well as to make a comparison between them. Material and Methods: Fifty-seven male subjects were enrolled in this study, divided into three groups: fourteen elite basketball players, twelve sub-elite basketball players and thirty-one healthy sedentary subjects (subjects from general population). All subjects were assessed for anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition variables, using standardized procedures recommended by previous studies. Data was analyzed using SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and the LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect effects of each type of sport. Results: The results showed that a significant difference was found in variables height, weight, muscle mass, bone content and body fat, while a significant difference was not found for the remaining variable, body mass index. Conclusions: Therefore, these findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and thus provide knowledges for basketball experts which will help them to select talented players as best as possible.

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College Students' Motivations to Attend Group Fitness Classes: An Exploratory Investigation

Recreational Sports Journal ◽

10.1123/rsj.2015-0040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 156-166

Author(s):

Shaun Boren

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Self Determination ◽

Future Research ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Group Fitness ◽

Exploratory Investigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Main Effect ◽

Post Hoc

This study investigated college students' various motivations to select from a comprehensive range of group fitness class (GFC) offerings at a university. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in motivations to exercise based on the GFC a participant was attending most often (primary GFC, p < .01). A post hoc test determined that Health Pressures was the only motivation subscale of 14 total subscales to significantly contribute to the main effect ( p < .003). However, the findings suggested that primary GFC can explain variation in motivations to exercise. This result evidences applicability of the self-determination theory between smaller categories of physical activity than previously tested. Future research should replicate the study at larger, more diverse institutions to explore additional factors affecting motivations to exercise. Practitioners can use this study to inform the design and advertising of GFCs.

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Perbedaan sensitivitas tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada otitis media supuratif kronik

Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana ◽

10.32637/orli.v42i2.22 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Anton Budhi Darmawan ◽

Dwi Utami Anjarwati

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽

Test Results ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Suppurative Otitis Media ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cochran Test ◽

Post Hoc

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one infectious disease of the middle ear, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high number of patients come to the ENT outpatient clinic with active benign type of CSOM. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of producing biofilm which protects itself from penetration of antibiotics, and therefore creates resistance towards antibiotics and difficult to eradicate. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity levels of chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin and ofloxacine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type CSOM in ENT clinic. Method: The method used was across sectional study on 25 patients, from August 2010 until December 2010. Samples were taken withear swab and then put on sensitivity test to chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin andofloxacine using the diffusion disc method. The analysis used in this study was Cochran test. Results: Results showed a significant difference in sensitivity among chloramphenicol (38,70%), polymyxinneomycin(83,87%),cyprofloxacin(90,32%)andofloxacin(58,06%)withp=0,000(p<0,05).PostHocanalysisusing the Mc Nemar indicated that there were significant differences in sensitivity betweenpolymyxin-neomycin to chloramphenicol with p=0,000 (p<0,05), ciprofloxacin to chloramphenicol andciprofloxacin to ofloxacine with p= 0,002, but there were no significant differences between cyprofloxacinto polymyxin-neomycin with p=0,687, polymyxin-neomycin to ofloxacin p=0.057 and ofloxacin tochloramphenicol p=0,109. There were significant differences in antibiotic ear dropssensitivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type of CSOM. Cyprofloxacin andpolymyxin-neomycin were more sensitive than ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, active benign type of chronic suppurative otitis media, antibioticear drops. Abstrak : Latar belakang: Otitis media supuratif kronik (OMSK) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik telinga tengah yang sering dijumpai di klinik THT. Penyebab tersering OMSK adalah bakteri Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa mempunyai kemampuan untuk membentuk biofilm yangmelindunginya dari penetrasi antibiotik sehingga menimbulkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik dan sulituntuk eradikasinya. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbandingan tingkat sensitivitas kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin terhadap isolat Pseudomonas aeruginosa padapasien OMSK benigna aktif di klinik THT RSMS. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah crosssectional terhadap 29 pasien OMSK di klinik THT RSMS periode bulan Agustus 2010 - Desember2010. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan swab telinga. Uji sensitivitas terhadap kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin dilakukan dengan metode cakram secara difusi.Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Cochran dan analisis post hoc. Hasil: Didapatkansensitivitas kloramfenikol sebesar 38,70%, polimiksin-neomisin sebesar 83,87%, ciprofloksasin sebesar90,32% dan ofloksasin sebesar 58,06% dengan p=0,01 (P<0,05), yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaansensitivitas yang bermakna antara kloramfenikol, polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasinterhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Analisis post hoc menggunakan Mc Nemar menunjukkan bahwaterdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna antara tetes telinga polimiksin-neomisin terhadapkloramfenikol, dan ciprofloksasin terhadap kloramfenikol p=0,000 (p<0,05), serta terdapat perbedaanyang bermakna antara tetes telinga ciprofloksasin terhadap ofloksasin, p=0,002, tetapi tidak terdapatperbedaan yang bermakna antara ciprofloksasin terhadap polimiksin-neomisin, p=0,687, polimiksinneomisinterhadap ofloksasin p=0,057, dan kloramfenikol terhadap ofloksasin p=0,109. Kesimpulan:Terdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada pasien OMSK benigna aktif. Ciprofloksasin dan polimiksin-neomisin tetes telinga mempunyai sensitivitas yang lebih baik dibanding ofloksasin dan kloramfenikol. Kata kunci: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, otitis media supuratif kronik, tetes telinga antibiotik

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Influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the peri-implant clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00352 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mana Alqahtani

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Smoking History ◽

Inflammatory Parameters ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Implant Retention ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Soft Tissue Inflammation ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Adjustment Test

The aim was to assess the influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the clinical (bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone resorption [CBR]) around cement- and screw-retained dental implants at 5 years’ follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, smoking history, duration of implants in function, jaw location of the implant, and daily toothbrushing and flossing. Peri-implant BoP, PD and CBR were measured in all groups. Group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni Post hoc adjustment test was performed. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. Forty-eight patients (25 smokers and 23 non-smokers) had cement-retained dental implants; and 48 (24 smokers and 24 non-smokers) had screw-retained dental implants. Among patients with cement and screw-retained dental implants, PD (P<0.05) and CBR (P<0.05) were significantly higher among smokers than non-smokers. The peri-implant sites that demonstrated BoP were statistically significantly higher among non-smokers (P<0.05) than smokers among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PD and CBR among smokers with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Among non-smokers with cement and screw-retained dental implants, there was no statistically significant difference in BoP, PD and CBR. Cigarette-smoking is associated with an increased PD and CBR around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Cigarette-smoking increases peri-implant soft tissue inflammation as well as loss of crestal bone and this relationship is independent of the type of implant retention protocol used.The author recommends that cement- and screw-retained dental implants are suitable for prosthesis restoration in non-smokers. Further studies on dual-smokers (individuals smoking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco products) are needed related to the clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants

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