scholarly journals Resilience of Urban Network Structure in China: The Perspective of Disruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Shimei Wei ◽  
Jinghu Pan
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Location Service ◽  
Popular Subject

In light of the long-term pressure and short-term impact of economic and technological globalization, regional and urban resilience has become an important issue in research. As a new organizational form of regional urban systems, the resilience of urban networks generated by flow space has emerged as a popular subject of research. By gathering 2017 data from the Baidu search index, the Tencent location service, and social statistics, this study constructs information, transportation, and economic networks among 344 cities in China to analyze the spatial patterns of urban networks and explore their structural characteristics from the perspectives of hierarchy and assortativity. Transmissibility and diversity were used to represent the resilience of the network structure in interruption scenarios (node failure and maximum load attack). The results show the following: The information, transportation, and economic networks of cities at the prefecture level and higher in China exhibit a dense pattern of spatial distribution in the east and a sparse pattern in the west; however, there are significant differences in terms of hierarchy and assortativity. The order of resilience of network transmissibility and diversity from strong to weak was information, economic, transportation. Transmissibility and diversity had nearly identical scores in response to the interruption of urban nodes. Moreover, a highly heterogeneous network was more likely to cause shocks to the network structure, owing to its cross-regional urban links in case of disturbance. We identified 12 dominant nodes and 93 vulnerable nodes that can help accurately determine the impetus behind network structure resilience. The capacity of regions for resistance and recovery can be improved by strengthening the construction of emergency systems and risk prevention mechanisms.

scholarly journals Urban mobility and resilience: exploring Boston’s urban mobility network through twitter data

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Mirzaee ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Twitter Data

Abstract Human mobility connects urban dwellers and neighborhoods and impacts social equity. An in-depth understanding of human mobility helps to enhance urban resilience. However, limited research has focused on mobility resilience. Building on previous research, this study looks at the neighborhood connectivity enabled by urban mobility. We analyze the aggregated mobility patterns in Boston through the coupling of network structure and social characteristics. Geocoded twitter data combined with socioeconomic datasets were used to create a mobility-based urban network. Through the quantitative analysis, we found that the social segregation in Boston shapes its mobility network. Network communities identified by the Louvain modularity algorithm are often self-containing, meaning that their residents are more likely to move within their communities. A multinomial regression reveals that spatial racial and income segregation has a strong impact on the dynamic segregation of the network. The beneficial network characteristics –e.g. higher density and well-connected motifs– are less present in areas with bolder presence of minorities. Thus, the resilience state is not equitable among neighborhoods of different income levels and races, indicating that the resilience measures of urban networks need to be adapted according to sociodemographic characteristics.

scholarly journals Landscape Design toward Urban Resilience: Bridging Science and Physical Design Coupling Sociohydrological Modeling and Design Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4666
Author(s):  
Yoonshin Kwak ◽  
Brian Deal ◽  
Grant Mosey
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Planning Support Systems ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Resilient Communities ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Resilient Design

Given that evolving urban systems require ever more sophisticated and creative solutions to deal with uncertainty, designing for resilience in contemporary landscape architecture represents a cross-disciplinary endeavor. While there is a breadth of research on landscape resilience within the academy, the findings of this research are seldom making their way into physical practice. There are existent gaps between the objective, scientific method of scientists and the more intuitive qualitative language of designers and practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to help bridge these gaps and ultimately support an endemic process for more resilient landscape design creation. This paper proposes a framework that integrates analytic research (i.e., modeling and examination) and design creation (i.e., place-making) using processes that incorporate feedback to help adaptively achieve resilient design solutions. Concepts of Geodesign and Planning Support Systems (PSSs) are adapted as part of the framework to emphasize the importance of modeling, assessment, and quantification as part of processes for generating information useful to designers. This paper tests the suggested framework by conducting a pilot study using a coupled sociohydrological model. The relationships between runoff and associated design factors are examined. Questions on how analytic outcomes can be translated into information for landscape design are addressed along with some ideas on how key variables in the model can be translated into useful design information. The framework and pilot study support the notion that the creation of resilient communities would be greatly enhanced by having a navigable bridge between science and practice.

scholarly journals A Study on the Integration of Resilience and Smart City Concepts in Urban Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Anastasia Tzioutziou ◽  
Yiannis Xenidis
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
City Management ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
The Many ◽  
Development And Management

The continuous growth of cities brings out various concerns for improved development and management of the multifaceted urban systems, including those of resilience and smartness. Despite the many significant efforts in the research field, both notions remain changeable, thus retaining the lack of commonly accepted conceptual and terminological frameworks. The paper’s research goals are to designate the current direct and indirect links in the conceptualizations and research trends of the resilience and smart city frameworks and to prove the potential of the conceptual convergence between them in the context of urban systems. The application of a semi-systematic literature review, including bibliometric evidence and followed by content analysis, has led to the observation that as the resilience discourse opens up to embrace other dimensions, including technology, the smart city research turns its interest to the perspective of urban protection. Therefore, both concepts share the goal for urban sustainability realized through specific capacities and processes and operationalized with the deployment of technology. The paper’s findings suggest that the conceptual and operational foundations of these two concepts could support the emergence of an integrated framework. Such a prospect acknowledges the instrumental role of the smart city approach in the pursuit of urban resilience and unfolds a new model for sustainable city management and development.

Urban network of China from the perspective of population mobility: Three-dimensional co-occurrence of nodes and links

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2199781
Author(s):  
Xinyue Luo ◽  
Mingxing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
External Connections

The nodes and links in urban networks are usually presented in a two-dimensional(2D) view. The co-occurrence of nodes and links can also be realized from a three-dimensional(3D) perspective to make the characteristics of urban network more intuitively revealed. Our result shows that the external connections of high-level cities are mainly affected by the level of cities(nodes) and less affected by geographical distance, while medium-level cities are affected by the interaction of the level of cities(nodes) and geographical distance. The external connections of low-level cities are greatly restricted by geographical distance.

Mapping urban networks through inter-firm service relationships: The case of China

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (16) ◽  
pp. 3639-3654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenghua Pan ◽  
Wenkai Bi ◽  
James Lenzer ◽  
Simon Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Producer Service ◽  
Public Offering

Literature on how cities get connected through networks of firms has been increasing in recent years. In particular, advanced producer service (APS) firms are being widely used to build intra-firm linkages to establish urban networks. In contrast to studies applying intra-firm networks, this study proposes an alternative strategy to build urban networks based on inter-firm service provision relationships during the process of initial public offering (IPO) in which APS firms – including securities, law firms and accounting firms – provide professional services for firms aiming to be publicly listed. Based on service provision connections between APS firms and their clients, this study provides fresh insights on urban networks in China. The results show that Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai strategically hold dominant positions within Chinese urban networks and they are the lead command and financial centres within the country. Particularly, Beijing has overwhelmingly more influence over other cities. The urban networks are embedded in China’s unique institutional context where market and state power together have shaped these networks. Since the urban network is built up based on real economic linkages, the findings might have further implications for policy-making and could contribute to ongoing debates regarding financial centres in China. It implies that connections between firms based on real economic activities can be an effective way to construct urban networks in future research.

scholarly journals Brief communication "An auto-diagnosis tool to highlight interdependencies between urban technical networks"

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2219-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toubin ◽  
D. Serre ◽  
Y. Diab ◽  
R. Laganier
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Solution Design ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Operational Tool

Abstract. Natural hazards threaten the urban system and its components that are likely to fail. With their high degree of interdependency, urban networks and services are critical issues for the resilience of a city. And yet, network managers are scarcely aware of their flaws and dependencies and they are reluctant to take them into account. In order to develop an operational tool to improve urban resilience, we propose here an auto-diagnosis method to be completed by network managers. The subsequent confrontation of all diagnoses is the basis of collaborative research for problem identification and solution design. The tool is experimented with the Parisian urban transport society.

scholarly journals ASSESSING OPENSTREETMAP URBAN NETWORK OF ORAN CITY

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W8 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
B. Meguenni ◽  
M. A. Hafid
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Spatial Quality ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
The City

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> OpenStreetMap (OSM) uses the Open Database License, it is a collaborative project that collects a rich set of vector data provided by volunteers. It is a global collection of mapping data that can be used for a wide variety of purposes. Many third-party online maps are based on OpenStreetMap data. Currently, more and more large organizations are choosing OSM for their maps.</p> <p>In addition, the analysis of the spatial quality of the OSM data shows that particular care must be taken. However, there are several methods for assessing the quality of the OSM data by comparing the OSM to an authoritative dataset. In this context, it is essential to develop an automatic procedure to improve its spatial quality.</p> <p>This work proposes a quantitative method for comparing the quality of the OSM and an authoritative data set on urban networks in the city of Oran (Algeria). The procedure is based on python modules in a GIS environment and provides measurements of the spatial accuracy and completeness of the OSM road network. The method is applied to assess the quality of the Oran OSM road network data set through a comparison with the official Algerian dataset. The results show that the OSM's Algerian road network is very complete, but with low spatial accuracy.</p>

Let the buyer beware: how network structure can enable (and prevent) supply chain fraud

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott DuHadway ◽  
Carlos Mena ◽  
Lisa Marie Ellram
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Structural Holes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Bridge Collapse ◽  
Multiple Case

PurposeSupply chain fraud is a significant global concern for firms, consumers and governments. Evidence of major fraud events suggests the role of supply chain structures in enabling and facilitating fraud, as they often involve several parties in complicated networks designed to obfuscate the fraud. This paper identifies how the structural characteristics of supply chains can play an important role in enabling, facilitating and preventing fraud.Design/methodology/approachThe research follows a theory elaboration approach. The authors build on structural holes theory in conjunction with a multiple case study research design to identify new concepts and develop propositions regarding the role of network structure on supply chain fraud.FindingsThis research shows how structural holes in a supply chain can create advantages for unscrupulous firms, a role we call tertius fraudans, or the cheating third. This situation is exacerbated by structural ignorance, which refers to the lack of knowledge about structural connections in the network. Both structural holes and structural ignorance can create information gaps that facilitate fraud, and the authors propose solutions to detect and prevent this kind of fraud.Originality/valueThis paper extends structural holes theory into the domain of fraud. Novel concepts including tertius fraudans, structural ignorance and bridge collapse are offered, alongside a series of propositions that can help understand and manage structural supply chain fraud.

Models, Methods, and Metrics to Measure Socioeconomic Resilience

2018 ◽  
pp. 346-367
Author(s):  
Carlos Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Indicator Matrix ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter aims to discuss concepts and methods to measure the landscape resilience of urban systems and test the indicators framework in the Portuguese regional context. The objective is to measure the performance and the direction of the urban changes in different phenomena, as well as to evaluate the level of urban systems preparation for a desired and undesired change adaptability. The approach to these issues is analyzed in the literature, dividing the aforementioned analysis into the resilience of the economic base, of the social structure, and of the urban form. In brief, the chapter meets three objectives: firstly, defining the framework of principles more commonly associated with urban resilience; secondly, providing a selection of indicators that embodies the different proposals of measurement; and thirdly, applying the indicator matrix to two Portuguese case studies (Caldas da Rainha and Évora urban systems).

scholarly journals Commentary: Inequality, precarity and sustainable ecosystems as elements of urban resilience

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1588-1595
Author(s):  
W Neil Adger ◽  
Ricardo Safra de Campos ◽  
Tasneem Siddiqui ◽  
Lucy Szaboova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Economic Trends

The science of resilience suggests that urban systems become resilient when they promote progressive transformative change to social and physical infrastructure. But resilience is challenged by global environmental risks and by social and economic trends that create inequality and exclusion. Here we argue that distortionary inequality and precarity undermine social processes that give access to public infrastructure and ecosystems thereby undermining urban resilience. We illustrate how inequality and precarity undermine resilience with reference to social exclusion and insecurity in growing urban settlements in the Asia-Pacific region. Inequality and exposure to environmental risks represent major challenges for governance that can be best overcome through inclusion and giving voice to marginalised populations.

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