Influence of Sample Size on Automatic Positional Accuracy Assessment Methods for Urban Areas

Point-based standard methodologies (PBSM) suggest using ‘at least 20’ check points in order to assess the positional accuracy of a certain spatial dataset. However, the reason for decreasing the number of checkpoints to 20 is not elaborated upon in the original documents provided by the mapping agencies which develop these methodologies. By means of theoretical analysis and experimental tests, several authors and studies have demonstrated that this limited number of points is clearly insufficient. Using the point-based methodology for the automatic positional accuracy assessment of spatial data developed in our previous study Ruiz-Lendínez, et al (2017) and specifically, a subset of check points obtained from the application of this methodology to two urban spatial datasets, the variability of National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) estimations has been analyzed according to sample size. The results show that the variability of NSSDA estimations decreases when the number of check points increases, and also that these estimations have a tendency to underestimate accuracy. Finally, the graphical representation of the results can be employed in order to give some guidance on the recommended sample size when PBSMs are used.

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Positional Accuracy Assessment for Effective Shoreline Change Analyses

Ghana Mining Journal ◽

10.4314/gm.v16i1.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cynthia Borkai Boye

Keyword(s):

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Shoreline Change ◽

Positional Accuracy

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Positioning Evaluation of Single and Dual-Frequency Low-Cost GNSS Receivers Signals Using PPP and Static Relative Methods in Urban Areas

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112210642 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 10642

Author(s):

Rosendo Romero-Andrade ◽

Manuel E. Trejo-Soto ◽

Alejandro Vega-Ayala ◽

Daniel Hernández-Andrade ◽

Jesús R. Vázquez-Ontiveros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Precise Point Positioning ◽

Low Cost ◽

Observation Data ◽

Dual Frequency ◽

Positional Accuracy ◽

Gnss Receivers ◽

Point Positioning ◽

Error Circle ◽

Vertical Positioning

A positional accuracy obtained by the Precise Point Positioning and static relative methods was compared and analyzed. Test data was collected using low-cost GNSS receivers of single- and dual-frequency in urban areas. The data was analyzed for quality using the TEQC program to determine the degree of affectation of the signal in the urban area. Low-cost GNSS receivers were found to be sensitive to the multipath effect, which impacts positioning. The horizontal and vertical accuracy was evaluated with respect to Mexican regulations for the GNSS establishment criteria. Probable Error Circle (CEP) and Vertical Positioning Accuracy (EPV) were performed on low cost GNSS receiver observation data. The results show that low-cost dual-frequency GNSS receivers can be used in urban areas. The precision was obtained in the order of 0.013 m in the static relative method. The results obtained are comparable to a geodetic receiver in a geodetic baseline of <20 km. The study does not recommend using single and dual frequencies low cost GNSS receivers based on results obtained by the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method in urban areas. The inclusion of the GGM10 model reduces the vertical precision obtained by using low cost GNSS receivers in both methods, conforming to the regulations only in the horizontal component.

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Estimation of Building Heights and DEM Accuracy Assessment Using ICESat-2 Data Products

Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecsa-8-11442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Goddu Pavan Sai Goud ◽

Ashutosh Bhardwaj

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Google Earth ◽

Surface Geometry

The use of remote sensing for urban monitoring is a very reliable and cost-effective method for studying urban expansion in horizontal and vertical dimensions. The advantage of multi-temporal spatial data and high data accuracy is useful in mapping urban vertical aspects like the compactness of urban areas, population expansion, and urban surface geometry. This study makes use of the ‘Ice, cloud, and land elevation satellite-2′ (ICESat-2) ATL 03 photon data for building height estimation using a sample of 30 buildings in three experimental sites. A comparison of computed heights with the heights of the respective buildings from google image and google earth pro was done to assess the accuracy and the result of 2.04 m RMSE was obtained. Another popularly used method by planners and policymakers to map the vertical dimension of urban terrain is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). An assessment of the openly available DEM products—TanDEM-X and Cartosat-1 has been done over Urban and Rural areas. TanDEM-X is a German earth observation satellite that uses InSAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry) technique to acquire DEM while Cartosat-1 is an optical stereo acquisition satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) that uses photogrammetric techniques for DEM acquisition. Both the DEMs have been compared with ICESat-2 (ATL-08) Elevation data as the reference and the accuracy has been evaluated using Mean error (ME), Mean absolute error (MAE) and Root mean square error (RMSE). In the case of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), RMSE values 5.29 m and 7.48 m were noted for TanDEM-X 90 and CartoDEM V3 R1 respectively. While the second site of Bellampalli Mandal rural area observed 5.15 and 5.48 RMSE values for the same respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that TanDEM-X has better accuracy as compared to the CartoDEM V3 R1.

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Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v50i1.3923 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 47-48

Author(s):

Jorge Sánchez ◽

Andrés Sánchez ◽

Ricardo Cardona

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sample Size Calculation ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Children With Asthma ◽

The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

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Accuracy assessment methods for likelihood ratio-based evidence evaluation

Science & Justice ◽

10.1016/j.scijus.2009.11.024 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

D. Ramos ◽

J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez ◽

J.-J. Lucena-Molina

Keyword(s):

Likelihood Ratio ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Assessment Methods ◽

Evidence Evaluation

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Simulation of GNSS Availability in Urban Environments Using a Panoramic Image Dataset

International Journal of Navigation and Observation ◽

10.1155/2017/8047158 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sakpod Tongleamnak ◽

Masahiko Nagai

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Satellite System ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Panoramic Image ◽

Image Processing Techniques ◽

Gnss Positioning ◽

Image Dataset ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Processing Techniques

Performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning in urban environments is hindered by poor satellite availability because there are many man-made and natural objects in urban environments that obstruct satellite signals. To evaluate the availability of GNSS in cities, this paper presents a software simulation of GNSS availability in urban areas using a panoramic image dataset from Google Street View. Photogrammetric image processing techniques are applied to reconstruct fisheye sky view images and detect signal obstacles. Two comparisons of the results from the simulation and real world observation in Bangkok and Tokyo are also presented and discussed for accuracy assessment.

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Automated Camera Repositioning Technique for Video Image Vehicle Detection Systems: Integrating with Freeway Closed-Circuit Television Systems

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1856-04 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 1856 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael L. Pack ◽

Brian L. Smith ◽

William T. Scherer

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Vision System ◽

Vehicle Detection ◽

Video Image ◽

Closed Circuit ◽

Original Position ◽

Incident Management ◽

Positional Accuracy ◽

Closed Circuit Television ◽

Detection Systems

Transportation agencies have invested significantly in extensive closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems to monitor freeways in urban areas. While thes systems have proven to be very effective in supporting incident management, they do not support the collection of quantitative measures of traffic conditions. Instead, they simply provide images that must be interpreted by trained operators. While there are several video image vehicle detection systems (VIVDS) on the market that have the capability to automatically derive traffic measures fro video imagery, these systems require the installation of fixed-position cameras. Thus, they have not been integrated with the existing moveable CCTV cameras. VIVDS camera positioning and calibration challenges were addressed and a prototype machine-vision system was developed that successfully integrated existing moveable CCTV cameras with VIVDS. Results of testing the prototype are presentedindicating that when the camera’s initial zoom level was kept between ×1 and ×1.5, the camera consistently could be returned to its original position with a repositioning accuracy of less than 0.03 to 0.1 regardless of the camera’s displaced pan, tilt, or zoom settings at the time of repositioning. This level of positional accuracy when combined with a VIVDS resulted in vehicle count errors of less than 1%.

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Geometric Accuracy Assessment of Deimos-2 Panchromatic Stereo Pairs: Sensor Orientation and Digital Surface Model Production

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20247234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 7234

Author(s):

Manuel A. Aguilar ◽

Rafael Jiménez-Lao ◽

Abderrahim Nemmaoui ◽

Fernando J. Aguilar

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Surface Model ◽

Stereo Pair ◽

Rational Polynomial ◽

Sensor Orientation ◽

Vertical Accuracy ◽

Land Covers

Accurate elevation data, which can be extracted from very high-resolution (VHR) satellite images, are vital for many engineering and land planning applications. In this way, the main goal of this work is to evaluate the capabilities of VHR Deimos-2 panchromatic stereo pairs to obtain digital surface models (DSM) over different land covers (bare soil, urban and agricultural greenhouse areas). As a step prior to extracting the DSM, different orientation models based on refined rational polynomial coefficients (RPC) and a variable number of very accurate ground control points (GCPs) were tested. The best sensor orientation model for Deimos-2 L1B satellite images was the RPC model refined by a first-order polynomial adjustment (RPC1) supported on 12 accurate and evenly spatially distributed GCPs. Regarding the Deimos-2 based DSM, its completeness and vertical accuracy were compared with those obtained from a WorldView-2 panchromatic stereo pair by using exactly the same methodology and semiglobal matching (SGM) algorithm. The Deimos-2 showed worse completeness values (about 6% worse) and vertical accuracy results (RMSEZ 42.4% worse) than those computed from WorldView-2 imagery over the three land covers tested, although only urban areas yielded statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

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Validation and Accuracy Assessment of MODIS C6.1 Aerosol Products over the Heavy Aerosol Loading Area

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10090548 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 548 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Xinpeng Tian ◽

Zhiqiang Gao

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Aerosol Loading ◽

Deep Blue ◽

Moderate Resolution ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

Terra Modis ◽

Reflecting Surface

The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) products over heavy aerosol loading areas. For this analysis, the Terra-MODIS Collection 6.1 (C6.1) Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB) and the combined DT/DB AOD products for the years 2000–2016 are used. These products are validated using AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data from twenty-three ground sites situated in high aerosol loading areas and with available measurements at least 500 days. The results show that the numbers of collections (N) of DB and DT/DB retrievals were much higher than that of DT, which was mainly caused by unavailable retrieval of DT in bright reflecting surface and heavy pollution conditions. The percentage falling within the expected error (PWE) of the DT retrievals (45.6%) is lower than that for the DB (53.4%) and DT/DB (53.1%) retrievals. The DB retrievals have 5.3% less average overestimation, and 25.7% higher match ratio than DT/DB retrievals. It is found that the current merged aerosol algorithm will miss some cases if it is determined only on the basis of normalized difference vegetation index. As the AOD increases, the value of PWE of the three products decreases significantly; the undervaluation is suppressed, and the overestimation is aggravated. The retrieval accuracy shows distinct seasonality: the PWE is largest in autumn or winter, and smallest in summer. The most severe overestimation and underestimation occurred in the summer. Moreover, the DT, DB and DT/DB products over different land cover types still exhibit obvious deviations. In urban areas, the PWE of DB product (52.6%) is higher than for the DT/DB (46.3%) and DT (25.2%) products. The DT retrievals perform poorly over the barren or sparsely vegetated area (N = 52). However, the performance of three products is similar over vegetated area. On the whole, the DB product performs better than the DT product over the heavy aerosol loading area.

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