scholarly journals Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Colorectal Cancer: Could miRNA Dysregulation Play a Role?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cirillo ◽  
Cecilia Catellani ◽  
Chiara Sartori ◽  
Pietro Lazzeroni ◽  
Sergio Amarri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Obesity And Cancer ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Regulate Gene

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for cancer. A recent chapter in epigenetics is represented by microRNAs (miRNAs), which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Dysregulated miRNA profiles have been associated with diseases including obesity and cancer. Herein we report dysregulated miRNAs in obesity both in animal models and in humans, and we also document dysregulated miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC), as example of an obesity-related cancer. Some of the described miRNAs are found to be similarly dysregulated both in obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and CRC. Thus, we present miRNAs as a potential molecular link between obesity and CRC onset and development, giving a new perspective on the role of miRNAs in obesity-associated cancers.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: a clinical perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine S. Tam ◽  
Leanne M. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractObesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased immune cells, specifically infiltrated macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn secrete a range of proinflammatory mediators. This nonselective low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is systemic in nature and can impair insulin signaling pathways, thus, increasing the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an update on clinical studies examining the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-associated complications in humans. We will discuss adipose tissue inflammation during different scenarios of energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction including obesity and overfeeding, weight loss by calorie restriction or bariatric surgery, and conditions of insulin resistance (diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome).

scholarly journals Osteopontin Expression in Human and Murine Obesity: Extensive Local Up-Regulation in Adipose Tissue but Minimal Systemic Alterations

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian W. Kiefer ◽  
Maximilian Zeyda ◽  
Jelena Todoric ◽  
Joakim Huber ◽  
René Geyeregger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) that may underlie the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein involved in various inflammatory processes, cell migration, and tissue remodeling. Because these processes occur in the AT of obese patients, we studied in detail the regulation of OPN expression in human and murine obesity. The study included 20 morbidly obese patients and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects, as well as two models (diet-induced and genetic) of murine obesity. In high-fat diet-induced and genetically obese mice, OPN expression was drastically up-regulated in AT (40 and 80-fold, respectively) but remained largely unaltered in liver (<2-fold). Moreover, OPN plasma concentrations remained unchanged in both murine models of obesity, suggesting a particular local but not systemic importance for OPN. OPN expression was strongly elevated also in the AT of obese patients compared with lean subjects in both omental and sc AT. In addition, we detected three OPN isoforms to be expressed in human AT and, strikingly, an obesity induced alteration of the OPN isoform expression pattern. Analysis of AT cellular fractions revealed that OPN is exceptionally highly expressed in AT macrophages in humans and mice. Moreover, OPN expression in AT macrophages was strongly up-regulated by obesity. In conclusion, our data point toward a specific local role of OPN in obese AT. Therefore, OPN could be a critical regulator in obesity induced AT inflammation and insulin resistance.

Biopsychosocial pathways to mental health and disease across the lifespan: The emerging role of epigenetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
Charlotte A.M. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Regulate Gene ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model of psychiatry has had a major impact on our modern conceptualization of mental illness as a complex, multi-determined phenomenon. Yet, interdisciplinary BPS work remains the exception, rather than the rule in psychiatry. It has been suggested that this may stem in part from a failure of the BPS model to clearly delineate the mechanisms through which biological, psychological, and social factors co-act in the development of mental illness. This chapter discusses how epigenetic processes that regulate gene expression, such as DNA methylation, are fast emerging as a candidate mechanism for BPS interactions, with potentially widespread implications for the way that psychiatric disorders are understood, assessed, and, perhaps in future, even treated.

scholarly journals Polyamines regulate gene expression by stimulating translation of histone acetyltransferase mRNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (26) ◽  
pp. 8736-8745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Sakamoto ◽  
Yusuke Terui ◽  
Takeshi Uemura ◽  
Kazuei Igarashi ◽  
Keiko Kashiwagi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferases ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Regulate Gene ◽  
Stimulation Of

Polyamines regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli by translationally stimulating mRNAs encoding global transcription factors. In this study, we focused on histone acetylation, one of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, to attempt to clarify the role of polyamines in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. We found that activities of histone acetyltransferases in both the nucleus and cytoplasm decreased significantly in polyamine-reduced mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells. Although protein levels of histones H3 and H4 did not change in control and polyamine-reduced cells, acetylation of histones H3 and H4 was greatly decreased in the polyamine-reduced cells. Next, we used control and polyamine-reduced cells to identify histone acetyltransferases whose synthesis is stimulated by polyamines. We found that polyamines stimulate the translation of histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1. Accordingly, GCN5- and HAT1-catalyzed acetylation of specific lysine residues on histones H3 and H4 was stimulated by polyamines. Consistent with these findings, transcription of genes required for cell proliferation was enhanced by polyamines. These results indicate that polyamines regulate gene expression by enhancing the expression of the histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and HAT1 at the level of translation. Mechanistically, polyamines enhanced the interaction of microRNA-7648-5p (miR-7648-5p) with the 5′-UTR of GCN5 mRNA, resulting in stimulation of translation due to the destabilization of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between the 5′-UTR and the ORF of GCN5 mRNA. Because HAT1 mRNA has a short 5′-UTR, polyamines may enhance initiation complex formation directly on this mRNA.

Abscisic acid and stress regulate gene expression during germination of chick-pea seeds. Possible role of calcium

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Colorado ◽  
Antonio Rodriguez ◽  
Gregorio Nicolas ◽  
Dolores Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Regulate Gene

scholarly journals MiR-147: Functions and Implications in Inflammation and Diseases

MicroRNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lin ◽  
Kebin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (19~25 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through repression of mRNA translation or mRNA decay. miR-147, which was initially discovered in mouse spleen and macrophages, has been shown to correlate with coronary atherogenesis and inflammatory bowel disease and modulate macrophage functions and inflammation through TLR-4. The altered miR-147 level has been shown in various human diseases, including infectious disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, etc. This review will focus on the current understanding regarding the role of miR-147 in inflammation and diseases.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue macrophages in aging-associated adipose tissue function

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bangchao Lu ◽  
Liang Huang ◽  
Juan Cao ◽  
Lingling Li ◽  
Wenhui Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Visceral Adiposity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Adipose Tissue Macrophages ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract“Inflammaging” refers to the chronic, low-grade inflammation that characterizes aging. Aging, like obesity, is associated with visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) have played a major role in obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. Macrophages are elevated in adipose tissue in aging. However, the changes and also possibly functions of ATMs in aging and aging-related diseases are unclear. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in research on the role of adipose tissue macrophages with aging-associated insulin resistance and discuss their potential therapeutic targets for preventing and treating aging and aging-related diseases.

scholarly journals Histone exchange is associated with activator function at transcribed promoters and with repression at histone loci

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (36) ◽  
pp. eabb0333
Author(s):  
Sari Kassem ◽  
Paolo Ferrari ◽  
Amanda L. Hughes ◽  
Julien Soudet ◽  
Oliver J. Rando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Exchange ◽  
Regulate Gene

Transcription in eukaryotes correlates with major chromatin changes, including the replacement of old nucleosomal histones by new histones at the promoters of genes. The role of these histone exchange events in transcription remains unclear. In particular, the causal relationship between histone exchange and activator binding, preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly, and/or subsequent transcription remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that histone exchange at gene promoters is not simply a consequence of PIC assembly or transcription but instead is mediated by activators. We further show that not all activators up-regulate gene expression by inducing histone turnover. Thus, histone exchange does not simply correlate with transcriptional activity, but instead reflects the mode of action of the activator. Last, we show that histone turnover is not only associated with activator function but also plays a role in transcriptional repression at the histone loci.

New opportunities to dissect and manipulate plant processes

1993 ◽  
Vol 339 (1288) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Regulate Gene

The use of transgenic plants has become a standard tool of experimental plant biology and is changing many approaches to plant improvement. The technology has greatly expanded the range of methods available to isolate and identify new plants genes, and has permitted great strides in understanding the mechanisms which regulate gene expression. In addition, the ability to use cloned genes to alter the functional expression of the gene in transgenic plants has created entirely novel opportunities to examine the biological role of virtually any cellular constituent.

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