scholarly journals Gut Microbiome: A Promising Biomarker for Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Temraz ◽  
Farah Nassar ◽  
Rihab Nasr ◽  
Maya Charafeddine ◽  
Deborah Mukherji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
T Cell Stimulation

Research has been driven towards finding therapy predictive biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) with a special interest in studying the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome acts not only as a barrier to prevent bacterial invasion and infection, but it also affects the efficacy of hematopoietic-cell transplantation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Recently, immunotherapy, which potentiates the host immune system, has revolutionized cancer therapy in general and CRC treatment specifically by increasing the quality of life and the survival of a subset of patients with this disease. In immunotherapy, the gut microbiome plays an important role in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1) mediation, and T cell stimulation. As such, this review will cover the role of gut microbiome in CRC, summarize approved immunotherapy treatments for CRC, and focus on the potential use of gut microbiome as a biomarker for immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Current Treatments of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors—2020 Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3520
Author(s):  
Gerhard Jung ◽  
Daniel Benítez-Ribas ◽  
Ariadna Sánchez ◽  
Francesc Balaguer
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Systemic Treatments

During the last 20 years, chemotherapy has improved survival rates of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the majority of metastatic cases do not respond to or progress after first line conventional chemotherapy and contribute to the fatalities of patients with CRC. Insights into the immune contexture of the tumor microenvironment (TME) have enabled the development of new systemic treatments that boost the host immune system against the tumor—the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). These promising drugs have already shown astonishing efficacies in other cancer types and have raised new hope for the treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC). In this review, we will summarize the results of the clinical trials that led to their accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, as well as all relevant recent studies conducted since then—some of which are not published yet. We will focus on therapeutic efficacy, but also discuss the available data for drug safety and security, changes in quality of life indicators and predictive biomarkers for treatment response. The burgeoning evidence for a potential use of ICIs in other settings than mCRC will also be mentioned. For each trial, we have made a preliminary assessment of the quality of clinical trial design and of the “European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) magnitude of clinical benefit” (ESMO-MCBS) in order to provide the first evidence-based recommendation to the reader.

scholarly journals Potential Role of the Gut Microbiome In Colorectal Cancer Progression

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeho Kim ◽  
Heung Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Anti Cancer

An increasing number of studies have revealed that the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is related to gut microbiome composition. Under normal conditions, the gut microbiome acts as a barrier to other pathogens or infections in the intestine and modulates inflammation by affecting the host immune system. These gut microbiota are not only related to the intestinal inflammation associated with tumorigenesis but also modulation of the anti-cancer immune response. Thus, they are associated with tumor progression and anti-cancer treatment efficacy. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota can be used as biomarkers to predict the effect of immunotherapy and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in treating CRC through modulation. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiome as revealed by recent studies of the growth and progression of CRC along with its synergistic effect with anti-cancer treatment modalities.

Role of SCFAs in gut microbiome and glycolysis for colorectal cancer therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (10) ◽  
pp. 17023-17049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Wang ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yu‐Zhu Wang ◽  
Jun‐Jie Wang ◽  
Rui Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiome

The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer: Where Are We? Where Are We Going?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Wieczorska ◽  
Małgorzata Stolarek ◽  
Rafał Stec
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiome

scholarly journals Association of Flavonifractor plautii, a Flavonoid-Degrading Bacterium, with the Gut Microbiome of Colorectal Cancer Patients in India

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Gupta ◽  
Darshan B. Dhakan ◽  
Abhijit Maji ◽  
Rituja Saxena ◽  
Vishnu Prasoodanan P.K. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Degrading Bacterium

ABSTRACT Recently, dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome and shifts in the relative abundances of several bacterial species have been recognized as important factors in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, these studies have been carried out mainly in developed countries where CRC has a high incidence, and it is unclear whether the host-microbiome relationships deduced from these studies can be generalized to the global population. To test if the documented associations between the microbiome and CRC are conserved in a distinct context, we performed metagenomic and metabolomic association studies on fecal samples from 30 CRC patients and 30 healthy controls from two different locations in India, followed by a comparison of CRC data available from other populations. We confirmed the association of Bacteroides and other bacterial taxa with CRC that have been previously reported in other studies. However, the association of CRC with Flavonifractor plautii in Indian patients emerged as a novel finding. The plausible role of F. plautii appears to be linked with the degradation of beneficial anticarcinogenic flavonoids, which was also found to be significantly correlated with the enzymes and modules involved in flavonoid degradation within Indian CRC samples. Thus, we hypothesize that the degradation of beneficial flavonoids might be playing a role in cancer progression within this Indian cohort. We also identified 20 potential microbial taxonomic markers and 33 potential microbial gene markers that discriminate the Indian CRC from healthy microbiomes with high accuracy based on machine learning approaches. IMPORTANCE This study provides novel insights on the CRC-associated microbiome of a unique cohort in India, reveals the potential role of a new bacterium in CRC, and identifies cohort-specific biomarkers, which can potentially be used in noninvasive diagnosis of CRC. The study gains additional significance, as India is among the countries with a very low incidence of CRC, and the diet and lifestyle in India have been associated with a distinct gut microbiome in healthy Indians compared to other global populations. Thus, in this study, we hypothesize a unique relationship between CRC and the gut microbiome in an Indian population.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Chen
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the gut microbiome, which consists of trillions of microbes representing over 1,000 species of bacteria with over 3 million genes, significantly impacts intestinal health and disease. The gut microbiota not only is capable of promoting intestinal homeostasis and antitumor responses but can also contribute to chronic dysregulated inflammation as well as have genotoxic effects that lead to carcinogenesis. Whether the gut microbiota maintains health or promotes colon cancer may ultimately depend on the composition of the gut microbiome and the balance within the microbial community of protective and detrimental bacterial populations. Disturbances in the normal balanced state of a healthful microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been observed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); however, whether these alterations precede and cause CRC remains to be determined. Nonetheless, studies in mice strongly suggest that the gut microbiota can modulate susceptibility to CRC, and therefore may serve as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Are All Anti-Angiogenic Drugs the Same in the Treatment of Second-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer? Expert Opinion on Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Lai ◽  
Stefano Cascinu ◽  
Mario Scartozzi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Targeting tumor-driven angiogenesis is an effective strategy in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC); however, the choice of second-line therapy is complicated by the availability of several drugs, the occurrence of resistance and the lack of validated prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review examines the use of angiogenesis-targeted therapies for the second-line management of mCRC patients. Mechanisms of resistance and anti-placental growth factor agents are discussed, and the role of aflibercept, a recombinant fusion protein consisting of portions of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2, is highlighted. The novel mechanism of action of aflibercept makes it a useful second-line agent in mCRC patients progressing after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, as well as in those with resistance after bevacizumab.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Immune System of the Intestinal Mucosa

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
Takehiro Hirano ◽  
Hiroshi Nakase
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The gut microbiota has diverse microbial components, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The interaction between gut microbiome components and immune responses has been studied extensively over the last decade. Several studies have reported the potential role of the gut microbiome in maintaining gut homeostasis and the development of disease. The commensal microbiome can preserve the integrity of the mucosal barrier by acting on the host immune system. Contrastingly, dysbiosis-induced inflammation can lead to the initiation and progression of several diseases through inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted effects of the gut microbiota on several diseases from the perspective of mucosal immunological responses.

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