scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compounds from Orchids: From Synthesis and Function to Gene Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mummadireddy Ramya ◽  
Seonghoe Jang ◽  
Hye-Ryun An ◽  
Su-Young Lee ◽  
Pil-Man Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Volatile Organic

Orchids are one of the most significant plants that have ecologically adapted to every habitat on earth. Orchids show a high level of variation in their floral morphologies, which makes them popular as ornamental plants in the global market. Floral scent and color are key traits for many floricultural crops. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play vital roles in pollinator attraction, defense, and interaction with the environment. Recent progress in omics technology has led to the isolation of genes encoding candidate enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis and regulatory circuits of plant VOCs. Uncovering the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms underlying the production of floral scents is necessary not only for a better understanding of the function of relevant genes but also for the generation of new cultivars with desirable traits through molecular breeding approaches. However, little is known about the pathways responsible for floral scents in orchids because of their long life cycle as well as the complex and large genome; only partial terpenoid pathways have been reported in orchids. Here, we review the biosynthesis and regulation of floral volatile compounds in orchids. In particular, we focused on the genes responsible for volatile compounds in various tissues and developmental stages in Cymbidium orchids. We also described the emission of orchid floral volatiles and their function in pollination ecology. Taken together, this review will provide a broad scope for the study of orchid floral scents.

Advertisements 2: Olfactory Signals

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Willmer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Odor Learning ◽  
Volatile Organic

This chapter examines how flowers use olfactory signals to attract pollinators. Floral scents mostly result from the production of small amounts of simple volatile organic compounds. The molecular size of these components largely determines their volatility, and hence the distance they will travel from the plant over a given time span. Plant volatiles emitted as scents are typically lipophilic compounds, all of which are able to cross biological membranes and evaporate into the atmosphere readily. The chapter frst describes different types of floral scents before discussing the techniques used in the collection and measurement scents. It then considers variation in floral scents, along with the discrimination and detection ranges of floral odors. It also explains the importance of odor learning to visitors’ ability to discriminate and to maintaining reproductive isolation for the plant. Finally, it provides an overview of interactions of scents with other floral signals used for advertisement.

scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compounds of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) Leaves Fractions and their Potency as Traditional Medicine

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1235-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Dilla Dertyasasa ◽  
Woro Anindito Sri Tunjung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fatty Alcohols ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have reported that a number of organic compounds are present in kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) leaf extracts. Further research is needed to purify these compounds and determine which are biologically active. The objective of this study is to identify the volatile organic compounds of kaffir lime leaf crude extracts and fractions and to study their bioactivity. Fractionation was performed by the double maceration method, using hexane as the second solvent. TLC was performed to analyze the qualitative separation, whereas the individual constituents were detected using GC-MS. Our results showed that chloroform and ethyl acetate crude extracts contained various volatile organic compounds such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, prenol lipids, sterol lipids, terpenoids and long chain alkanes. Fractionation separated these compounds into non-hexane fractions, which contained less volatile compounds, and hexane fractions. The volatile compounds of non-hexane fractions were identified to be long chain alkanes, meanwhile the hexane fractions contained terpenoids, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, prenol lipids and sterol lipids. Palmitic acid and terpenoids, such as citronellyl propionate, nerolidol, citronella and caryophyllene oxide were found to be the most dominant bioactive compounds in chloroform and ethyl acetate crude extract and their hexane fractions, which were reported to possess cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Meanwhile in non-hexane fractions, long chain alkanes such as triacontane and hentriacontane were found to be the most dominant bioactive compound which also possessed cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, fractionation using the double maceration method yielded different volatile organic compounds composition with different biological activities. The crude extracts and fractions of kaffir lime leaves were potential to be developed as a traditional medicine for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compounds Emanating from Indoor Ornamental Plants

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Sik Yang ◽  
Ki-Cheol Son ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Micro Organisms

A broad cross-section of volatiles emanating from four species of popular indoor ornamental plants (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel, Sansevieria trifasciata Prain, Ficus benjamina L., and Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl.) was identified and categorized based on source. Volatile organic compounds from individual plants were obtained using a dynamic headspace system and trapped on Tenax TA during the day and again at night. Using short-path thermal desorption and cryofocusing, the volatiles were transferred onto a capillary column and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The volatiles originated from the plants, media/micro-organisms, pot, and pesticides. A total of 23, 12, 13, and 16 compounds were identified from S. wallisii, S. trifasciata, F. benjamina, and C. lutescens, respectively. The night emanation rate was substantially reduced (i.e., by 30.1%, 69.5%, 73.7%, and 63.1%, respectively) reflecting in part the regulation of biosynthesis and the greater diffusion resistance when the stomata were closed. S. wallisii had the highest emanation rate, releasing 15 terpenoid compounds [e.g., linaloloxide, linalool, (Z)-β-farnesene, farnesal, (+)-δ-cadinene, (+)-β-costol] into the surrounding air. Alpha-farnesene (90.3%) was quantitatively the dominant volatile present followed by (Z)-β-farnesene (1.4%), (+)-β-costol (1.4%), and farnesal (1.1%). Substantially fewer terpenoids (i.e., two, nine, and eight) emanated from S. trifasciata, F. benjamina, and C. lutescens, which quantitatively emitted fewer volatiles than S. wallisii. Most terpenoids from the four species were sesquiterpenes rather than monoterpenes. Methyl salicylate, a plant-signaling compound, was emitted by all four species. Certain volatiles (e.g., 2-chlorobenzonitrile, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene) were released from growth media and/or micro-organisms therein; other sources included the plastic pot (e.g., 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane) and pesticide ingredients [e.g., 2-(2-methoxy- ethoxy)ethanol, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate].

scholarly journals Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Selected Strains of Cyanobacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Milovanović ◽  
Aleksandra Mišan ◽  
Jelica Simeunović ◽  
Dajana Kovač ◽  
Dubravka Jambrec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Medium Chain Length ◽  
Volatile Organic

Microalgal biomass can be used in creating various functional food and feed products, but certain species of microalgae and cyanobacteria are known to produce various compounds causing off-flavour. In this work, we investigated selected cyanobacterial strains ofSpirulina,Anabaena, andNostocgenera originating from Serbia, with the aim of determining the chemical profile of volatile organic compounds produced by these organisms. Additionally, the influence of nitrogen level during growth on the production of volatile compounds was investigated forNostocandAnabaenastrains. In addition, multivariate techniques, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were used for making distinction among different microalgal strains. The results show that the main volatile compounds in these species are medium chain length alkanes, but other odorous compounds such as 2-methylisoborneol (0.51–4.48%), 2-pentylfuran (0.72–8.98%),β-cyclocitral (0.00–1.17%), andβ-ionone (1.15–2.72%) were also detected in the samples. Addition of nitrogen to growth medium was shown to negatively affect the production of 2-methylisoborneol, while geosmin was not detected in any of the analyzed samples, which indicates that the manipulation of growth conditions may be useful in reducing levels of some unwanted odor-causing components.

scholarly journals Floral Scent Variation in the Heterostylous Species Gelsemium sempervirens

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettie Obi Johnson ◽  
Annette M. Golonka ◽  
Austin Blackwell ◽  
Iver Vazquez ◽  
Nigel Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Scent Profile ◽  
Gelsemium Sempervirens

Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) W.T. Aiton, a distylous woody vine of the family Gelsemiaceae, produces sweetly fragrant flowers that are known for the toxic alkaloids they contain. The composition of this plant’s floral scent has not previously been determined. In this study, the scent profiles of 74 flowers obtained from six different wild and cultivated populations of G. sempervirens were measured by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). There were 81 volatile organic compounds identified and characterized as benzenoids, terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and yeast associated compounds. The most abundant compound was benzaldehyde (23–80%) followed by ethanol (0.9–17%), benzyl benzoate (2–15%), 4-anisaldehyde (2–11%), (Z)-α-ocimene (0–34%), and α-farnesene (0.1–16%). The impacts of geographic location, population type (wild or cultivated), and style morph (L = long, S = short) on scent profile were investigated. The results showed no relationship between geographic location or population type and volatile organic compounds (VOC) profile, but did show a significant scent profile difference between L and S morphs based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using Bray-Curtis similarity indices. The L morphs contained higher amounts of benzenoids and the S morphs contained higher amounts of terpenoids in their scent profiles. The L morphs also produced a higher total abundance of scent compounds than the S morphs. This study represents the first floral scent determination of G. sempervirens finding significant variation in scent abundance and composition between style morphs.

Studies on ectomycorrhizae of pine. I. Production of volatile organic compounds

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Krupa ◽  
Nils Fries
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Root ◽  
Volatile Organic

The mycorrhizal fungus Boletus variegatus Fr. was grown in pure culture and its production of volatile organic compounds studied. Maximal production of volatile organic compounds was associated with actively growing mycelia. The major volatile compounds identified in the culture filtrate were ethanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, acetoin, and isobutyric acid. Of these, isobutanol and isobutyric acid are known to possess fungistatic activity. Volatile organic compounds were also extracted from the whole root systems of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seedlings grown in pure culture with and without the fungal symbiont. Infection of the roots by the fungus resulted in production and (or) accumulation of volatile compounds in concentrations two to eight times greater than that of non-inoculated controls. These compounds were identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. They were primarily terpenes and sesquiterpenes. Volatile compounds produced by the mycorrhizal root system of Scots pine collected from a nursery were essentially the same as those obtained from the plants grown in pure culture. Many of these are known to be fungistatic compounds. A hypothesis has been proposed to explain a possible role of the host plant in disease resistance of mycorrhizal root systems to root pathogens and in the development of the symbiotic state.

scholarly journals A Phylogenetic and Functional Perspective on Volatile Organic Compound Production byActinobacteria

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallory Choudoir ◽  
Sam Rossabi ◽  
Matthew Gebert ◽  
Detlev Helmig ◽  
Noah Fierer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Volatile Organic

ABSTRACTSoil microbes produce an immense diversity of metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can shape the structure and function of microbial communities. VOCs mediate a multitude of microbe-microbe interactions, including antagonism. Despite their importance, the diversity and functional relevance of most microbial volatiles remain uncharacterized. We assembled a taxonomically diverse collection of 48Actinobacteriaisolated from soil and airborne dust and surveyed the VOCs produced by these strains on two different medium typesin vitrousing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We detected 126 distinct VOCs and structurally identified approximately 20% of these compounds, which were predominately C1to C5hetero-VOCs, including (oxygenated) alcohols, ketones, esters, and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Each strain produced a unique VOC profile. While the most common VOCs were likely by-products of primary metabolism, most of the VOCs were strain specific. We observed a strong taxonomic and phylogenetic signal for VOC profiles, suggesting their role in finer-scale patterns of ecological diversity. Finally, we investigated the functional potential of these VOCs by assessing their effects on growth rates of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic pseudomonad strains. We identified sets of VOCs that correlated with growth inhibition and stimulation, information that may facilitate the development of microbial VOC-based pathogen control strategies.IMPORTANCESoil microbes produce a diverse array of natural products, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Volatile compounds are important molecules in soil habitats, where they mediate interactions between bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and animals. We measured the VOCs produced by a broad diversity of soil- and dust-dwellingActinobacteria in vitro. We detected a total of 126 unique volatile compounds, and each strain produced a unique combination of VOCs. While some of the compounds were produced by many strains, most were strain specific. Importantly, VOC profiles were more similar between closely related strains, indicating that evolutionary and ecological processes generate predictable patterns of VOC production. Finally, we observed that actinobacterial VOCs had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria that represent a plant-beneficial symbiont and a plant-pathogenic strain, information that may lead to the development of novel strategies for plant disease prevention.

scholarly journals Method for characterization of volatile organic compounds in the diet of Centris analis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Centridini) immatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e5069108880
Author(s):  
Paulo Herbesson Pereira de Sousa ◽  
Cláudia Inês da Silva ◽  
Breno Magalhães Freitas ◽  
Tigressa Helena Rodrigues Soares ◽  
Isac Gabriel Abrahao Bomfim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Organic

This study tested three types of Solid-Phase Microextraction fibers in developing a method to extract volatile organic compounds present in the diet of immature Centris analis. Samples were placed in glass vials with metal lids and added with 3g NaCl and 8 ml deionized water. Extraction and characterization were carried out using a Headspace – Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) with Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, and the three types of fibers were polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), divinylbenzene/ carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) and carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS). Each type of fiber was exposed to volatiles for 30 min and analyzed in a chromatograph Agilent GC-MS equipped with a quadrupole detector (MSD 5977A), containing a HP-5MS (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm) column and Helium as the carrier gas (1 ml.min-1). The CAR / PDMS fiber favored the extraction of volatile compounds to semi-volatile compounds, followed by DVB / CAR / PDMS, while PDMS presented a lower number of extracted compounds, which can be attributed to its apolar nature. The volatile compounds identified in the diet included alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and terpenes. The SPME technique has proven effective in the extraction of volatile organic compounds from immature of Centris analis diet, being the CAR/PDMS the most suitable fiber for this.

scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compounds of the Glandular Trichomes of Ocimum basilicum and Artifacts during the Distillation of the Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7312
Author(s):  
Bruno Tirillini ◽  
Filippo Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Capitate Trichomes ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Main Components

Focusing on volatile organic compounds (VOC) of Ocimum basilicum, this study aims to determine the chemical composition of VOC in secretory trichomes and compare it with that of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves. The technique of extracting the content of glandular trichomes refers to the microneedle shuttle analysis. Hydrodistillation of fresh leaves was done with a Clevenger distiller (EO). The chemical compositions were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The head of the capitate trichomes does not contain volatile compounds. Fifty volatile compounds were detected in the EO, and twenty-four volatile compounds were detected in the VOC; the main components were eugenol (from 15.47% ± 1.05% to 41.89% ± 2.83%) and linalool (from 32.05% ± 2.57% to 28.99% ± 2.32%), respectively. During the distillation of the basil leaves 26 artifacts are formed. The composition of the essential oil of O. basilicum therefore depends not only on the plant but also on the method used to obtain it.

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