scholarly journals Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon Stefaniak ◽  
Łukasz Wojtyla ◽  
Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek ◽  
Sławomir Borek
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Membrane Invagination ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Available Information

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that occurs in yeast, plants, and animals. Despite many years of research, some aspects of autophagy are still not fully explained. This mostly concerns the final stages of autophagy, which have not received as much interest from the scientific community as the initial stages of this process. The final stages of autophagy that we take into consideration in this review include the formation and degradation of the autophagic bodies as well as the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The autophagic bodies are formed through the fusion of an autophagosome and vacuole during macroautophagy and by vacuolar membrane invagination or protrusion during microautophagy. Then they are rapidly degraded by vacuolar lytic enzymes, and products of the degradation are reused. In this paper, we summarize the available information on the trafficking of the autophagosome towards the vacuole, the fusion of the autophagosome with the vacuole, the formation and decomposition of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole, and the efflux of metabolites to the cytoplasm. Special attention is given to the formation and degradation of autophagic bodies and metabolite salvage in plant cells.

scholarly journals A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Liani Coronado ◽  
Carmen L. Perera ◽  
Liliam Rios ◽  
María T. Frías ◽  
Lester J. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Available Information

Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.

Proton pumps of the vacuolar membrane in growing plant cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Maeshima ◽  
Yoichi Nakanishi ◽  
Chie Matsuura-Endo ◽  
Yoshiyuki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cells ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Proton Pumps

scholarly journals The Vacuolar Transporter Chaperone (VTC) Complex Is Required for Microautophagy

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Uttenweiler ◽  
Heinz Schwarz ◽  
Heinz Neumann ◽  
Andreas Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Limitation ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Membrane Invagination ◽  
Reconstituted System ◽  
Chaperone Complex ◽  
Vacuolar Membranes ◽  
Important Constituent

Microautophagy involves direct invagination and fission of the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane under nutrient limitation. This occurs by an autophagic tube, a specialized vacuolar membrane invagination that pinches off vesicles into the vacuolar lumen. In this study we have identified the VTC (vacuolar transporter chaperone) complex as required for microautophagy. The VTC complex is present on the ER and vacuoles and at the cell periphery. On induction of autophagy by nutrient limitation the VTC complex is recruited to and concentrated on vacuoles. The VTC complex is inhomogeneously distributed within the vacuolar membranes, showing an enrichment on autophagic tubes. Deletion of the VTC complex blocks microautophagic uptake into vacuoles. The mutants still form autophagic tubes but the production of microautophagic vesicles from their tips is impaired. In line with this, affinity-purified antibodies to the Vtc proteins inhibit microautophagic uptake in a reconstituted system in vitro. Our data suggest that the VTC complex is an important constituent of autophagic tubes and that it is required for scission of microautophagic vesicles from these tubes.

Calcium channels in the vacuolar membrane of plants: multiple pathways for intracellular calcium mobilization

1992 ◽  
Vol 338 (1283) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Cytosolic Free Calcium ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
A Charge

An increasing number of studies imply that Ca 2+ mobilization from intracellular stores plays an important role in stimulus evoked elevation of cytosolic free calcium during signal transduction in plants. It is believed that Ca 2+ is released mainly from the vacuole, which contains a high Ca 2+ concentration in a large volume, and can be regarded as the principal Ca 2+ pool in mature higher plant cells. The large size of the organelle confers unique experimental advantages to the study of endomembrane ion channels. The patch-clamp technique can be directly applied to isolated vacuoles to characterize Ca 2+ release pathways at the single channel level and confirm their membrane location. Using radiometric, ligand-binding and electrophysiological techniques we characterized two different pathways by which Ca 2+ can be mobilized from the vacuole of Beta vulgaris tap roots. Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (Ins P 3 )-elicited Ca 2+ release from tonoplast enriched vesicles is dose-dependent, highly specific for Ins P 3 , and is competitively inhibited by low M r heparin ( K i = 34 nM). This striking resemblance to the animal counterpart which is probably located in the ER is further reflected by the binding properties of the solubilized Ins P 3 receptor from beet, which bears similarities to the Ins P 3 receptor of cerebellum. Thus, Ins P 3 and heparin bind to a single site with sub-micromolar K d s, whereas other inositol phosphates have affinities in the supra-micromolar range. The second Ca 2+ channel in the beet tonoplast is voltage-sensitive and channel openings are largely promoted by positive shifts in the vacuolar membrane potential over the physiological range. Channel activity is neither affected by Ins P 3 addition nor by alteration of cytosolic free calcium, and from a large range of Ca 2+ antagonists tested, only Zn 2+ and the lanthanide Gd 3+ proved to be effective inhibitors. With Ca 2+ as a charge carrier the maximum unitary slope conductance is about 12 pS and saturation occurs at < 5 mM vacuolar Ca 2+ . The channel has an approximately 20-fold higher selectivity for Ca 2+ over K + which is achieved by a Ca 2+ binding site in the channel pore. The unique properties of this novel Ca 2+ release pathway suggests that it is specific for plants. The presence of both Ins P 3 -gated and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels at the vacuolar membrane implies flexibility in the mechanism of intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization in plant cells.

scholarly journals Activity of the chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and mefloquine in front of the SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Elin Manrique Julio ◽  
Belkis Palacio Villalba ◽  
Elías Alberto Bedoya Marrugo ◽  
Marlene Duran Lengua
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Cardiac Toxicity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Neurotoxic Effect ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Available Information

Introduction: Identifying the main advances in the pharmacological and clinical management of the pandemic COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, the most recent and currently taking lives worldwide, is to priority of the scientific community that to date have rehearsed and joined efforts in order to respond with effective treatments that stop the progression of the viral infection and manage to recover the patient. Objective: To document available information on the effects of the antimalarials chloroquine / hydroxychloroquine and mefloquine in severe acute respiratory syndrome, generated by SARS CoV-2, according to updates of the best scientific evidence, according to the evolution of the epidemic. Material and Methods: Descriptive documentary study consisting of the selection and review of scientific material whose subject is COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 based on published evidence from bibliographic sources seeking different therapeutic options to combat the disease at the same time ace necessary preventive measures plough implemented worldwide. The databases consulted were Scopus, Head office Pubmed and Scielo. Results: 132 articles related to the search were obtained in the first instance, of which they were filtered and prioritized by thematic relevance until 60 articles with to broad relationship were located. The largest number of articles was published between 2015 and 2020 (n = 26; 43.3%). It have been shown that the mechanism of today's SARS-CoV-2 is similar to that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, in the same way; they share the symptoms shown by patients with COVID-19 such ace: fever, non-productive cough, dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue, normal or decreased white blood cell counts. Conclusions: The activity of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in viruses is the same since the mechanism of action of these two molecules is identical. Given the pandemic, the use of these drugs is suggested in the management of patients with SARS CoV-2 / COVID-19 infection that have no contraindication for their use and the cardiac toxicity derived from these ace to cause of mortality should not be forgotten, due to what therapy must be individualized. The mefloquine is not recommended due to its neurotoxic effect and association with neuropsychiatric adverse reactions.

scholarly journals Citizen (Science) Involvement in Data Digitization and Enrichment of the Insect Collection of the Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (Lisboa, Portugal)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Lopes ◽  
Leonor Venceslau ◽  
Luís da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Historia Natural ◽  
Available Information ◽  
General User

The entomological collection of the Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (MUHNAC), Universidade de Lisboa, includes over 70,000 catalogued specimens, mostly from Portugal and some African countries (Lopes et al. 2016). However, many more remain uncatalogued and thus unavailable to the broader scientific community. To achieve our goal of full access, it is necessary to digitize and validate all data associated with these specimens. Recently, a large private collection, comprised of several thousand specimens compiled by José Passos de Carvalho, was donated to the Museum. These specimens are prepared and labelled, however no catalogue is available. Therefore, the only available information about each specimen is on the respective label(s). To acquire this information, specimens are being photographed along with their labels (Fig. 1). Since digitization of specimen labels is labor intensive, we decided to use the Zooniverse platform to involve the public in this task. To this end we have developed a project (currently being tested), entitled “MB07 - The Insects of the Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência”, with a test dataset of 130 specimens of moths from the Sphingidae family (Insecta, Lepidoptera). The objective is to evaluate the potential of involving the public in the tasks of label transcription and taxonomic determination to enrich and speed collection digitization. We have developed two distinct workflows: i) one in which users are asked to transcribe information from specimen labels, therefore a pure digitization task; and ii) a second workflow in which volunteers are asked to contribute new taxonomic information based on the specimen images. Therefore, the first task should be accessible to the general user while the second is more directed towards taxonomic specialists and not intended for the general public. Here we present a preliminary analysis of our experience with this platform and of the obtained data.

scholarly journals miR-8b is involved in brain and eye regeneration of Dugesia japonica in head regeneration

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjin Liu ◽  
Qian Song ◽  
Hui Zhen ◽  
Hongkuan Deng ◽  
Bosheng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Dugesia Japonica ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Head Regeneration

ABSTRACT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the translation level in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, some types of miRNAs have been proven to be key modulators of both CNS development and plasticity, such as let-7, miR-9 and miR-124. In this research, we found miR-8b acts as an important regulator involved in brain and eyespot regeneration in Dugesia japonica. miR-8b was highly conserved among species and was abundantly expressed in central nervous system. Here, we detected the expression dynamics of miR-8b by qPCR during the head regeneration of D. japonica. Knockdown miR-8b by anti-MIRs method caused severe defects of eyes and CNS. Our study revealed the evolutionary conserved role of miR-8b in the planarian regeneration process, and further provided more research ideas and available information for planarian miRNAs.

Coordination of V-ATPase and V-PPase at the Vacuolar Membrane of Plant Cells

2003 ◽  
pp. 171-216
Author(s):  
Martina Drobny ◽  
Elke Fischer-Schliebs ◽  
Ulrich Lüttge ◽  
Rafael Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cells ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane

Participation of the Battalions of the 11th Marching Regiment in the Battles for the Control of the Fortified Positions in the Area of the Town of Machin in January 1917

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-370
Author(s):  
Manush Hristov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
The State ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Good Basis ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Town

The study is devoted to little-known facts related to the participation and contribution of the troops of the 11th Marching Regiment to the victory achieved in the battles for control of the heavily fortified area in the Machin. The data presented come to fill the gap in the researches regarding the participation of the marching formations and in particular of the 11th Marching Regiment in the battles as part of the 3rd Army. The presented information helps to clarify and supplement the general picture of the events on the front, by revealing specific details of the course of the hostilities, which so far have not fallen within the scope of attention of the scientific community. Also, a good basis is created for the formation of reasonable conclusions about the significance of the achieved victory. Archival materials have been put into circulation, which reveal new facts about the battles in the Dobrudzha region. The presented brief information about the marching regiments and the combat history of the regiment helps to clarify the nature and purpose of these units, taking into account the fact that the available information about them is more than modest and insufficient. The presented data are entirely based on materials from the State Military Historical Archives – Veliko Tarnovo.

scholarly journals Role of Atg8 in the regulation of vacuolar membrane invagination

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayane Ishii ◽  
Kazuo Kurokawa ◽  
Miyuu Hotta ◽  
Suzuka Yoshizaki ◽  
Maki Kurita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Bar Domain ◽  
Escrt Machinery ◽  
Membrane Invagination ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Vacuolar Membranes ◽  
Membrane Cell

Abstract Cellular heat stress can cause damage, and significant changes, to a variety of cellular structures. When exposed to chronically high temperatures, yeast cells invaginate vacuolar membranes. In this study, we found that the expression of Atg8, an essential autophagy factor, is induced after chronic heat stress. In addition, without Atg8, vacuolar invaginations are induced conspicuously, beginning earlier and invaginating vacuoles more frequently after heat stress. Our results indicate that Atg8’s invagination-suppressing functions do not require Atg8 lipidation, in contrast with autophagy, which requires Atg8 lipidation. Genetic analyses of vps24 and vps23 further suggest that full ESCRT machinery is necessary to form vacuolar invaginations irrespective of Atg8. In contrast, through a combined mutation with the vacuole BAR domain protein Ivy1, vacuoles show constitutively enhanced invaginated structures. Finally, we found that the atg8Δivy1Δ mutant is sensitive against agents targeting functions of the vacuole and/or plasma membrane (cell wall). Collectively, our findings revealed that Atg8 maintains vacuolar membrane homeostasis in an autophagy-independent function by coordinating with other cellular factors.

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