scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Mediators and Disease Biomarkers across Biological Barriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Simeone ◽  
Giuseppina Bologna ◽  
Paola Lanuti ◽  
Laura Pierdomenico ◽  
Maria Teresa Guagnano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Signal Transducers ◽  
Shuttle Vectors ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Neural Communication ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Extracellular vesicles act as shuttle vectors or signal transducers that can deliver specific biological information and have progressively emerged as key regulators of organized communities of cells within multicellular organisms in health and disease. Here, we survey the evolutionary origin, general characteristics, and biological significance of extracellular vesicles as mediators of intercellular signaling, discuss the various subtypes of extracellular vesicles thus far described and the principal methodological approaches to their study, and review the role of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis, immunity, non-synaptic neural communication, vascular-neural communication through the blood-brain barrier, renal pathophysiology, and embryo-fetal/maternal communication through the placenta.

scholarly journals Disentangling the biological information encoded in disordered mitochondrial morphology through its rapid elicitation by iCMM

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Miyamoto ◽  
Hideki Uosaki ◽  
Yuhei Mizunoe ◽  
Satoi Goto ◽  
Daisuke Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Morphological Patterns

AbstractMitochondrial morphology is dynamically changed in conjunction with spatiotemporal functionality. Although considerable efforts have been made to understand why abnormal mitochondrial morphology occurs in various diseases, the biological significance of mitochondrial morphology in states of health and disease remains to be elucidated owing to technical limitations. In the present study, we developed a novel method, termed inducible Counter Mitochondrial Morphology (iCMM), to purposely manipulate mitochondrial morphological patterns on a minutes timescale, using a chemically inducible dimerization system. Using iCMM, we showed that mitochondrial morphological changes rapidly lead to the characteristic reconstitution of various biological information, which is difficult to investigate by conventional genetic engineering. The manipulation of mitochondrial morphology using iCMM can improve our understanding of the interplay between mitochondrial morphology and cellular functions.

scholarly journals Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloid Neoplasia: The Multiple and Complex Roles Played by These “Magic Bullets”

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Simona Bernardi ◽  
Mirko Farina
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Myeloid Neoplasia ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Extracellular vesicles (exosomes, in particular) are essential in multicellular organisms because they mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of secreted molecules. They are able to shuttle different cargo, from nucleic acids to proteins. The role of exosomes has been widely investigated in solid tumors, which gave us surprising results about their potential involvement in pathogenesis and created an opening for liquid biopsies. Less is known about exosomes in oncohematology, particularly concerning the malignancies deriving from myeloid lineage. In this review, we aim to present an overview of immunomodulation and the microenvironment alteration mediated by exosomes released by malicious myeloid cells. Afterwards, we review the studies reporting the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and their influence in response to treatment, together with the recent experiences that have focused on the use of exosomes as therapeutic tools. The further development of new technologies and the increased knowledge of biological (exosomes) and clinical (myeloid neoplasia) aspects are expected to change the future approaches to these malignancies.

scholarly journals A System of Cytokines Encapsulated in ExtraCellular Vesicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael L. Freeman ◽  
Michael M. Lederman ◽  
Elena Vasilieva ◽  
Roberto Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Cell Cell

Abstract Cytokines are soluble factors that mediate cell–cell communications in multicellular organisms. Recently, another system of cell–cell communication was discovered, which is mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we demonstrate that these two systems are not strictly separated, as many cytokines in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo are released in EV-encapsulated forms and are capable of eliciting biological effects upon contact with sensitive cells. Association with EVs is not necessarily a property of a particular cytokine but rather of a biological system and can be changed upon system activation. EV-encapsulated cytokines were not detected by standard cytokine assays. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of EV-encapsulation will lead to a better understanding of cell–cell communications in health and disease.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Feto–Maternal Crosstalk and Pregnancy Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Buca ◽  
Giuseppina Bologna ◽  
Alice D’Amico ◽  
Sara Cugini ◽  
Francesca Musca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Maternal Fetal Medicine ◽  
Early Biomarkers ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Maternal Peripheral Blood ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Biomedical Fields

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively participate in inter-cellular crosstalk and have progressively emerged as key players of organized communities of cells within multicellular organisms in health and disease. For these reasons, EVs are attracting the attention of many investigators across different biomedical fields. In this scenario, the possibility to study specific placental-derived EVs in the maternal peripheral blood may open novel perspectives in the development of new early biomarkers for major obstetric pathological conditions. Here we reviewed the involvement of EVs in feto–maternal crosstalk mechanisms, both in physiological and pathological conditions (preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, gestational diabetes mellitus), also underlining the usefulness of EV characterization in maternal–fetal medicine.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings,Challenges, and Future Applications

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Nader Kameli ◽  
Anya Dragojlovic-Kerkache ◽  
Paul Savelkoul ◽  
Frank R. Stassen
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Protocol Standardization ◽  
Insight Into

In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.

scholarly journals Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2213
Author(s):  
Natalia Diaz-Garrido ◽  
Cecilia Cordero ◽  
Yenifer Olivo-Martinez ◽  
Josefa Badia ◽  
Laura Baldomà
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Homeostasis ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Health And Disease

Communication between cells is crucial to preserve body homeostasis and health. Tightly controlled intercellular dialog is particularly relevant in the gut, where cells of the intestinal mucosa are constantly exposed to millions of microbes that have great impact on intestinal homeostasis by controlling barrier and immune functions. Recent knowledge involves extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of such communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. This finding provides the basis for investigating potential clinical applications of EVs as therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review current knowledge on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs in general terms. We then focus the attention to EVs released by cells of the intestinal mucosa and their impact on intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. We specifically highlight their role on epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing of epithelial cells, immunity, and microbiota shaping. Microbiota-derived EVs are not reviewed here.

Overview of Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Rienk Nieuwland ◽  
Edwin van der Pol ◽  
Augueste Sturk
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Multiplexed Profiling of Single-cell Extracellular Vesicles Secretion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahui Ji ◽  
Dongyuan Qi ◽  
Linmei Li ◽  
Haoran Su ◽  
Xiaojie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Cell Heterogeneity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Cytokines Secretion

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are important intercellular mediators regulating health and disease. Conventional EVs surface marker profiling, which was based on population measurements, masked the cell-to-cell heterogeneity in the quantity and phenotypes of EVs secretion. Herein, by using spatially patterned antibodies barcode, we realized multiplexed profiling of single-cell EVs secretion from more than 1000 single cells simultaneously. Applying this platform to profile human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines led to deep understanding of previously undifferentiated single cell heterogeneity underlying EVs secretion. Notably, we observed the decrement of certain EV phenotypes (e.g. CD63+EVs) were associated with the invasive feature of both OSCC cell lines and primary OSCC cells. We also realized multiplexed detection of EVs secretion and cytokines secretion simultaneously from the same single cells to investigate multidimensional spectrum of intercellular communications, from which we resolved three functional subgroups with distinct secretion profiles by visualized clustering. In particular, we found EVs secretion and cytokines secretion were generally dominated by different cell subgroups. The technology introduced here enables comprehensive evaluation of EVs secretion heterogeneity at single cell level, which may become an indispensable tool to complement current single cell analysis and EV research.SignificanceExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell derived nano-sized particles medicating cell-cell communication and transferring biology information molecules like nucleic acids to regulate human health and disease. Conventional methods for EV surface markers profiling can’t tell the differences in the quantity and phenotypes of EVs secretion between cells. To address this need, we developed a platform for profiling an array of surface markers on EVs from large numbers of single cells, enabling more comprehensive monitoring of cellular communications. Single cell EVs secretion assay led to previously unobserved cell heterogeneity underlying EVs secretion, which might open up new avenues for studying cell communication and cell microenvironment in both basic and clinical research.

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