scholarly journals Lipid Peroxidation and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Photosystem II Performance during Drought and Heat Stress is Associated with the Antioxidant Capacities of C3 Sunflower and C4 Maize Varieties

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4846
Author(s):  
Dilek Killi ◽  
Antonio Raschi ◽  
Filippo Bussotti
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Agricultural production is predicted to be adversely affected by an increase in drought and heatwaves. Drought and heat damage cellular membranes, such as the thylakoid membranes where photosystem II occurs (PSII). We investigated the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) of PSII, photosynthetic pigments, membrane damage, and the activity of protective antioxidants in drought-tolerant and -sensitive varieties of C3 sunflower and C4 maize grown at 20/25 and 30/35 °C. Drought-tolerant varieties retained PSII electron transport at lower levels of water availability at both temperatures. Drought and heat stress, in combination and isolation, had a more pronounced effect on the ChlF of the C3 species. For phenotyping, the maximum fluorescence was the most effective ChlF measure in characterizing varietal variation in the response of both species to drought and heat. The drought-tolerant sunflower and maize showed lower lipid peroxidation under drought and heat stress. The greater retention of PSII function in the drought-tolerant sunflower and maize at higher temperatures was associated with an increase in the activities of antioxidants (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase), whereas antioxidant activity declined in the drought-sensitive varieties. Antioxidant activity should play a key role in the development of drought- and heat-tolerant crops for future food security.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Drought, Heat and Combined Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance in Early Maturing Maize Landraces

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelimor ◽  
Badu-Apraku ◽  
Tetteh ◽  
N’guetta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Climate change is expected to aggravate the effects of drought, heat and combined drought and heat stresses. An important step in developing ‘climate smart’ maize varieties is to identify germplasm with good levels of tolerance to the abiotic stresses. The primary objective of this study was to identify landraces with combined high yield potential and desirable secondary traits under drought, heat and combined drought and heat stresses. Thirty-three landraces from Burkina Faso (6), Ghana (6) and Togo (21), and three drought-tolerant populations/varieties from the Maize Improvement Program at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were evaluated under three conditions, namely managed drought stress, heat stress and combined drought and heat stress, with optimal growing conditions as control, for two years. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between grain yield of the different treatments were very weak, suggesting the presence of independent genetic control of yield to these stresses. However, grain yield under heat and combined drought and heat stresses were highly and positively correlated, indicating that heat-tolerant genotypes would most likely tolerate combined drought and stress. Yield reduction averaged 46% under managed drought stress, 55% under heat stress, and 66% under combined drought and heat stress, which reflected hypo-additive effect of drought and heat stress on grain yield of the maize accessions. Accession GH-3505 was highly tolerant to drought, while GH-4859 and TZm-1353 were tolerant to the three stresses. These landrace accessions can be invaluable sources of genes/alleles for breeding for adaptation of maize to climate change.

scholarly journals Effects of individual and combined heat and drought stress during seed filling on the oxidative metabolism and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes differing in heat and drought tolerance

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Awasthi ◽  
Pooran Gaur ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Vincent Vadez ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Drought and heat stress are two major constraints that limit chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, particularly during seed filling. The present study aimed (i) to assess the individual and combined effects of drought and heat stress on oxidative metabolism during seed filling, and (ii) to determine any genetic variation in oxidative metabolism among genotypes differing in drought and heat tolerance and sensitivity. The plants were raised in outdoor conditions with two different times of sowing, one in November (normal-sown, temperatures <32°C−20°C (day–night) during seed filling), and the other in February (late-sown, temperatures >32°C−20°C (day–night) during seed filling). Plants were regularly irrigated to prevent any water shortage until the water treatments were applied. At both sowing times, the drought treatment was applied during seed filling (at ~75% podding) by withholding water from half of the pots until the relative leaf water content (RLWC) of leaves on the top three branches reached 42–45%, whereas leaves in the fully irrigated control plants were maintained at RLWC 85–90%. Drought-stressed plants were then rewatered and maintained under fully irrigated conditions until maturity. Several biochemical parameters were measured on the leaves and seeds at the end of the stress treatments, and seed yield and aboveground biomass were measured at maturity. Individual and combined stresses damaged membranes, and decreased PSII function and leaf chlorophyll content, more so under the combined stress treatment. The levels of oxidative molecules (malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2) markedly increased compared with the control plants in all stress treatments, especially across genotypes in the combined heat + drought stress treatment (increases in leaves: MDA 5.4–8.4-fold and H2O2 5.1–7.1-fold; in seeds: MDA 1.9–3.3-fold and H2O2 3.8–7.9-fold). The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants related to oxidative metabolism increased under individual stress treatments but decreased in the combined heat + drought stress treatment. Leaves had higher oxidative damage than seeds, and this likely inhibited their photosynthetic efficiency. Yields were reduced more by drought stress than by heat stress, with the lowest yields in the combined heat + drought stress treatment. Heat- and drought-tolerant genotypes suffered less damage and had higher yields than the heat- and drought-sensitive genotypes under the individual and combined stress treatments, suggesting partial cross-tolerance in these genotypes. A drought-tolerant genotype ICC8950 produced more seed yield under the combined heat + drought stress than other genotypes, and this was associated with low oxidative damage in leaves and seeds.

scholarly journals Classification of Crop Tolerance to Heat and Drought—A Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Approach

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Khaki ◽  
Zahra Khalilzadeh ◽  
Lizhi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Unsupervised Approach ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Environmental stresses, such as drought and heat, can cause substantial yield loss in agriculture. As such, hybrid crops that are tolerant to drought and heat stress would produce more consistent yields compared to the hybrids that are not tolerant to these stresses. In the 2019 Syngenta Crop Challenge, Syngenta released several large datasets that recorded the yield performances of 2452 corn hybrids planted in 1560 locations between 2008 and 2017 and asked participants to classify the corn hybrids as either tolerant or susceptible to drought stress, heat stress and combined drought and heat stress. However, no data was provided that classified any set of hybrids as tolerant or susceptible to any type of stress. In this paper, we present an unsupervised approach to solving this problem, which was recognized as one of the winners in the 2019 Syngenta Crop Challenge. Our results labeled 121 hybrids as drought tolerant, 193 as heat tolerant and 29 as tolerant to both stresses.

scholarly journals The Influence of Parental Heat-Stress Priming on Drought-Tolerant Maize Progenies’ Field Performance

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1229
Author(s):  
Uchechukwu Paschal Chukwudi ◽  
Funso Raphael Kutu ◽  
Sydney Mavengahama
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Stress Environment

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop and an industrial crop. Improving its thermotolerance will be a crucial step in ensuring food security. The objective of this research was to assess the influence of the parental growth environment on their progenies in a non-heat stress environment. The progenies evaluated in this field study were obtained from a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial in a completely randomised greenhouse experiment. Two contrasting growth environments, three maize varieties, and three soil amendments were used in the greenhouse study. A randomised complete block design experiment with three replications was used to grow the progenies. The progenies were examined for nineteen morphological attributes. In this study, 69.51% of the yield variation was explained by the first and second principal component axes. Among the studied attributes, grain weight and cob weight explained more variations in the progenies than the other attributes. The interaction of the parental heat-stress and soil amendment conditions elicited different responses from the drought-tolerant maize progenies. Based on the differences in their yield attributes, the progenies were grouped as poor yielders (Cluster IV), good yielders (Cluster I) and high yielders (Clusters II and III). The parental growth environment influenced the progenies’ field performance in a non-heat-stress environment. Further evaluation of the progenies under a heat-stress environment and molecular analyses are required to establish that a transgenerational effect has occurred.

scholarly journals Exogenous Aspergillus aculeatus Enhances Drought and Heat Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoning Li ◽  
Chuncheng Zhao ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Guangyang Wang ◽  
Erick Amombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Aspergillus Aculeatus ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a cool-season grass whose growth and development are limited by drought and high temperature. Aspergillus aculeatus has been reported to promote plant growth and counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to assess A. aculeatus-induced response mechanisms to drought and heat resistance in perennial ryegrass. We evaluated the physiological and biochemical markers of drought and heat stress based on the hormone homeostasis, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, and genes expression level. We found out that under drought and heat stress, A. aculeatus-inoculated leaves exhibited higher abscisic acid (ABA) and lower salicylic acid (SA) contents than non-inoculated regimes. In addition, under drought and heat stress, the fungus enhanced the photosynthetic performance, decreased the antioxidase activities, and mitigated membrane lipid peroxidation compared to non-inoculated regime. Furthermore, under drought stress, A. aculeatus induced a dramatic upregulation of sHSP17.8 and DREB1A and a downregulation of POD47, Cu/ZnSOD, and FeSOD genes. In addition, under heat stress, A. aculeatus-inoculated plants exhibited a higher expression level of HSP26.7a, sHSP17.8, and DREB1A while a lower expression level of POD47 and FeSOD than non-inoculated ones. Our results provide an evidence of the protective role of A. aculeatus in perennial ryegrass response to drought and heat stresses.

scholarly journals Heat Stress Effect on the Grain Yield of Three Drought-Tolerant Maize Varieties under Varying Growth Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Uchechukwu Paschal Chukwudi ◽  
Funso Raphael Kutu ◽  
Sydney Mavengahama
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties

A rise in global temperature will reduce maize yield, particularly in Africa, where maize is a staple food. Therefore, improving maize yield under heat stress will promote food security in the region. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of heat stress on the grain yield of drought-tolerant maize varieties under varied growth conditions. The experimental design used was a 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 factorial fitted into a completely randomized design with four replications. The factors were heat stress, maize variety, soil amendment, and soil type. The results showed a better yield from sandy clay loam over loamy sand soil. Varieties WE5323 and ZM1523 amended with poultry manure gave the best yield under the non-heat and heat-stressed environments, respectively. Heat stress reduced the cob weight, grain weight, grain number, and stover dry weight by 64, 73, 69, and 23%, respectively. Grain number, grain weight, and cob weight were the most informative yield attributes in this study and should be considered in a maize selection program. The ranking for the maize varieties was WE5323 > ZM1523 > WE3128. Drought-tolerant maize varieties can be useful in heat stress mitigation. This information is useful for the simulation of maize yields for heat stress-prone areas in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Does susceptibility to heat stress confound screening for drought tolerance in rice?

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna S. V. Jagadish ◽  
Jill E. Cairns ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Impa M. Somayanda ◽  
Peter Q. Craufurd
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Screening ◽  
Mapping Populations

Drought affected rice areas are predicted to double by the end of this century, demanding greater tolerance in widely adapted mega-varieties. Progress on incorporating better drought tolerance has been slow due to lack of appropriate phenotyping protocols. Furthermore, existing protocols do not consider the effect of drought and heat interactions, especially during the critical flowering stage, which could lead to false conclusion about drought tolerance. Screening germplasm and mapping-populations to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL)/candidate genes for drought tolerance is usually conducted in hot dry seasons where water supply can be controlled. Hence, results from dry season drought screening in the field could be confounded by heat stress, either directly on heat sensitive processes such as pollination or indirectly by raising tissue temperature through reducing transpirational cooling under water deficit conditions. Drought-tolerant entries or drought-responsive candidate genes/QTL identified from germplasm highly susceptible to heat stress during anthesis/flowering have to be interpreted with caution. During drought screening, germplasm tolerant to water stress but highly susceptible to heat stress has to be excluded during dry and hot season screening. Responses to drought and heat stress in rice are compared and results from field and controlled environment experiments studying drought and heat tolerance and their interaction are discussed.

Simultaneous water withholding and elevated temperature alters embryo and endosperm development in wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jäger
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
Sensitive Genotype

Drought-tolerant Plainsman V and drought-sensitive Cappelle Desprez winter wheat genotypes were subjected to heat stress at 34/24°C combined with water withholding during early seed development in order to identify the joint effect of the stressors on embryo and endosperm development. During and after five days of treatment histological observations were made on the developing kernels and compared to yield data. Combined stress shortened the duration of the grain fill. With regard to kernel abortion, thousand-kernel weight and yield per spike, Plainsman V tolerated simultaneous elevated temperature and water withdrawal better than Cappelle Desprez. As a consequence of the stress the accumulation of B-type starch granules was almost completely absent in the endosperms of the sensitive genotype. The results indicate that compared to the drought-sensitive genotype, the tolerant genotype also showed increased tolerance of simultaneous drought and heat stress.

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of Drought Tolerant Maize Hybrids under Combined Drought and Heat Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvestro Meseka ◽  
Abebe Menkir ◽  
Bunmi Bossey ◽  
Wende Mengesha
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Drought and high temperature are two major factors limiting maize productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. An increase in temperature above 30 °C reduces yield by 1% under optimal rain-fed condition and by 1.7% under drought stress (DS) and up to 40% under combined drought and heat stress (DSHTS). Approaches that improve performance under the two stresses are essential to sustain productivity. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the extent of variation in tolerance to DSHTS from among the existing best drought tolerant (DT) hybrids; (ii) examine the response patterns of the hybrids to DSHTS; (iii) identify traits that contributed to better performance under DSHTS; and (iv) select the best hybrids with tolerance to DSHTS stress. We evaluated 40 DT hybrids under DSHTS, DS, and well-watered (WW) conditions for three years. Highly significant (p < 0.001) differences were found among hybrids for grain yield and other traits. Moderately to low repeatability values were detected for grain yield under DS (0.63) and under DSHTS (0.48). Grain yield under DS was not correlated with grain yield under DSHTS (r = 0.29; p = 0.06), but it was correlated with grain yield under WW (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). Grain yield was strongly correlated with ears per plant, ear and pant aspects, days to anthesis and silking under both DS and DSHTS. Tassel blast accounted for 28% of the yield reduction under DSHTS. The top five DT hybrids produced 9 to 26% more grain yields than the best commercial hybrid. Three hybrids produced high grain yields under DTHTS and DS as well as under WW. These hybrids will be tested further in collaboration with partners for possible release.

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