scholarly journals Molecular Mapping and Genomics of Grain Yield in Durum Wheat: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvin Arriagada ◽  
Ilaria Marcotuli ◽  
Agata Gadaleta ◽  
Andrés R. Schwember
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Genomic Regions

Durum wheat is the most relevant cereal for the whole of Mediterranean agriculture, due to its intrinsic adaptation to dryland and semi-arid environments and to its strong historical cultivation tradition. It is not only relevant for the primary production sector, but also for the food industry chains associated with it. In Mediterranean environments, wheat is mostly grown under rainfed conditions and the crop is frequently exposed to environmental stresses, with high temperatures and water scarcity especially during the grain filling period. For these reasons, and due to recurrent disease epidemics, Mediterranean wheat productivity often remains under potential levels. Many studies, using both linkage analysis (LA) and a genome-wide association study (GWAS), have identified the genomic regions controlling the grain yield and the associated markers that can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Here, we have summarized all the current studies identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and/or candidate genes involved in the main traits linked to grain yield: kernel weight, number of kernels per spike and number of spikes per unit area.

scholarly journals Genomic Regions Associated with the Control of Flowering Time in Durum Wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Gupta ◽  
Hafssa Kabbaj ◽  
Khaoula El Hassouni ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
Miguel Sabchez-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Significant Qtls ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Genomic Regions

Flowering time is a critical stage for crop development as it regulates the ability of plants to adapt to an environment. To understand the genetic control of flowering time, a genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify the genomic regions associated with the control of this trait in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). A total of 96 landraces and 288 modern lines were evaluated for days to heading, growing degree days, and accumulated day length at flowering across 13 environments spread across Morocco, Lebanon, Mauritania, and Senegal. These environments were grouped into four pheno-environments based on temperatures, day length and other climatic variables. Genotyping with 35K Axiom array generated 7,652 polymorphic SNPs in addition to 3 KASP markers associated to known flowering genes. In total, 34 significant QTLs were identified in both landraces and modern lines. Some QTLs had strong association with already known regulatory photoperiod genes, Ppd-A and Ppd-B and vernalization genes Vrn-A1, and Vrn3. However, these loci explained only 5 to 20% of variance for days to heading. Seven QTLs overlapped between the two germplasm groups in which Q.ICD.Eps-03 and Q.ICD.Vrn-17 consistently affected flowering time in all the pheno-environments, while Q.ICD.Eps-11 and Q.ICD.Ppd-12 were significant only in two pheno-environments and the combined analysis across all environments. These results help clarify the genetic mechanism controlling flowering time in durum wheat and show some clear distinctions to what is known for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

scholarly journals Effects of Drought Stress on Some Agronomic and Morpho-Physiological Traits in Durum Wheat Genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5610
Author(s):  
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh ◽  
Reza Mohammadi ◽  
Alireza Etminan ◽  
Lia Shooshtari ◽  
Neda Maleki-Tabrizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Durum wheat performance in the Mediterranean climate is limited when water scarcity occurs before and during anthesis. The present research was performed to determine the effect of drought stress on several physiological and agro-morphological traits in 17 durum wheat genotypes under two conditions (control and drought) over two years. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the various durum wheat genotypes responded differently to drought stress. Drought stress significantly reduced the grain filling period, plant height, peduncle length, number of spikes per plot, number of grains per spike, thousand grains weight, grain yield, biomass, and harvest index in all genotypes compared to the control condition. The heatmap-based correlation analysis indicated that grain yield was positively and significantly associated with phenological characters (days to heading, days to physiological maturity, and grain filling period), as well as number of spikes per plant, biomass, and harvest index under drought conditions. The yield-based drought and susceptible indices revealed that stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), and harmonic mean (HM) were positively and significantly correlated with grain yields in both conditions. Based on the average of the sum of ranks across all indices and a three-dimensional plot, two genotypes (G9 and G12) along with the control variety (G1) were identified as the most tolerant genotypes. Among the investigated genotypes, the new breeding genotype G12 showed a high drought tolerance and yield performance under both conditions. Hence, this genotype can be a candidate for further multi-years and locations test as recommended for cultivation under rainfed conditions in arid and semi-arid regions.

scholarly journals Barley response to seeding date in central Alberta

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Juskiw ◽  
J. H. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Seeding date is an important factor influencing productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). When conditions are conducive to early seeding or result in delayed seeding, producers need to know how cultivars will respond to these seeding situations. In this study, five cultivars (Abee, Harrington, Jackson, Noble and Virden) registered for western Canada were studied for 4 yr (1990 to 1993) when seeded early (late April or early May), in mid-May, in late-May, or late (mid-June) at Lacombe, AB. For all cultivars, early seeding resulted in grain yield advantages of 113 to 134% of the mean site yield, while with late seeding, grain yields were reduced to 54 to 76% of the mean site yield. The reduction in yield was least for Jackson, the earliest maturing cultivar tested. Late seeding reduced the period from sowing to emergence, vegetative period, grain-filling period, time from emergence to physiological maturity, test weight, grain yield, kernel weight, and tillers per plant; and increased plant height and percent thins. Late seeding had no significant effect on phyllochron, stand establishment, scald, lodging, protein content of the grain, kernel number per spike, and spikelet number per spike. Barley responded positively to early seeding in central Alberta, but when seeding was delayed (in this study to mid-June) the early and mid-maturing six-rowed cultivars with short phyllochrons performed better than the two-rowed and late six-rowed cultivars. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., seeding rate, phenological development, grain quality, grain yield, components

Awnedness affects grain yield and kernel weight in near-isogenic lines of durum wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosella Motzo ◽  
Francesco Giunta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Severe Drought

The importance of awns in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) has to be evaluated whenever an increase in grain yield is expected due to a greater photosynthetic capacity of the awned ear. Awned and awnless isolines of durum wheat were compared in a 3-year field trial in Sardinia (Italy). Ear and flag-leaf size, radiation interception, canopy temperature, yield, and yield components were measured.Awns increased the ear surface area from 36 to 59%, depending on their length, which ranged from 5.5 to 13.8 cm. This resulted in an average 4% more radiation intercepted by the awned ears. Canopy temperature was 0.9�C lower, on average, in the awned isolines, and was negatively correlated with kernel weight (r = –0.85**, n = 10), although consistent and marked effects of awns on canopy temperature were only observed in the long-awned lines. Awns positively affected grain yield, with an average increase of 10 and 16%, respectively, in the 2 years in which they affected kernel weight. The irrelevant effect of awns on yield in the year characterised by a severe drought was a consequence of their early desiccation.The effects of awns on grain yield and kernel weight strongly depend on the genetic background, on awn length and functionality, and on the environmental conditions during grain filling.

QTL dissection of yield components and morpho-physiological traits in a durum wheat elite population tested in contrasting thermo-pluviometric conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Graziani ◽  
M. Maccaferri ◽  
C. Royo ◽  
F. Salvatorelli ◽  
R. Tuberosa
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Positional Cloning ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Peduncle Length

Dissection of the genetic basis of the adaptive response of durum wheat to unfavourable water and temperature regimes is an important prerequisite for the selection of genotypes less vulnerable to environmental constraints. An elite durum population of 249 recombinant inbred lines was tested across 16 Mediterranean environments characterised by contrasting thermo-pluviometric conditions and, consequently, a broad range of productivity (from 0.56 to 5.88 t  ha–1). Among the environmental variables investigated, soil moisture during grain filling showed the most consistent correlation with yield components and grain yield, whereas a weaker, albeit in some cases significant, association was noted with temperature at heading and thermal time during grain filling. Ear peduncle length appeared as a valid and easy-to-phenotype morphological proxy for the water available to the plant. In total, 76 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for yield components and for several morpho-physiological traits (peduncle length, the spectral reflectance index NDVI and leaf greenness at the milk-grain stage expressed in SPAD units) associated with the adaptive response of wheat to water and heat stresses. Although most of the QTLs were significant in only one or two environments, two major QTLs on chromosomes 2BL and 3BS showed consistent additive and epistatic effects on 1000-kernel weight, peduncle length, SPAD values and grain yield in half of the environments. In view of their strong phenotypic effects on kernel weight, these two QTLs are good candidates for positional cloning in order to gain a better understanding of the functional basis of their effect on the plasticity of grain weight and grain yield.

scholarly journals Genomic Regions Associated with the Control of Flowering Time in Durum Wheat

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1628
Author(s):  
Priyanka Gupta ◽  
Hafssa Kabbaj ◽  
Khaoula El Hassouni ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
Miguel Sanchez-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Significant Qtls ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Genomic Regions

Flowering time is a critical stage for crop development as it regulates the ability of plants to adapt to an environment. To understand the genetic control of flowering time, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify the genomic regions associated with the control of this trait in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). A total of 96 landraces and 288 modern lines were evaluated for days to heading, growing degree days, and accumulated day length at flowering across 13 environments spread across Morocco, Lebanon, Mauritania, and Senegal. These environments were grouped into four pheno-environments based on temperature, day length, and other climatic variables. Genotyping with a 35K Axiom array generated 7652 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in addition to 3 KASP markers associated with known flowering genes. In total, 32 significant QTLs were identified in both landraces and modern lines. Some QTLs had a strong association with already known regulatory photoperiod genes, Ppd-A and Ppd-B, and vernalization genes Vrn-A1 and VrnA7. However, these loci explained only 5% to 20% of variance for days to heading. Seven QTLs overlapped between the two germplasm groups in which Q.ICD.Eps-03 and Q.ICD.Vrn-15 consistently affected flowering time in all the pheno-environments, while Q.ICD.Eps-09 and Q.ICD.Ppd-10 were significant only in two pheno-environments and the combined analysis across all environments. These results help clarify the genetic mechanism controlling flowering time in durum wheat and show some clear distinctions to what is known for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Yield potential in a dwarf spring wheat and response to crop thinning

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
D. R. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Northwest Mexico ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Spring Wheat Variety

SummaryExperiments with wheat describing the effects of crop thinning on grain yield and its components are presented. These were carried out over 5 years in northwest Mexico, using a high-yielding dwarf spring-wheat variety (Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Yecora 70’) grown under irrigation and high fertility. It was shown that thinning largely relieved competition for light, thus increasing photosynthate levels in the plants remaining after thinning. The objective was to evaluate this simple technique as a guide to understanding when grain yield and its components were determined and, in particular, the extent to which post-anthesis photosynthate supply limited yield.There were major responses in grain yield with thinning between about 50 and 100 days after seeding, and in number of spikes and of grains with thinning between 50 and 90 days (50% anthesis was reached at 87 days). Number of spikelets per spike showed small responses to early thinning (before 50 days). Number of grains/spikelet and kernel weight snowed positive responses to thinning between 65 and 90 days, and 90 and 115 days, respectively. These results agreed with adjacent shading and CO2 fertilization studies but, because of certain difficulties in interpretation of responses, pre-anthesis thinning was not considered a very useful technique.Anthesis thinning was carried out on 21 separate crops: the kernel weight increase relative to the unthinned control ranged from 6 to 41%, averaging 20%. Anthesis thinning led to increases in stem weight during the first half of the grain filling period, followed by increases in grain growth rate in the latter half. The increase in final kernel weight was greater with higher temperature and lower radiation during grain filling; these variables explained 64% of the variation in kernel weight response. It is suggested that the kernel weight response does indicate the degree of photosynthate limitation during grain filling, showing reasonable agreement with adjacent shading and CO2 fertilization studies. It was concluded that anthesis thinning, because of its relative simplicity, is a useful technique. Implications for yield improvement in Yecora of the results provided by this technique are discussed.

scholarly journals Loci Controlling Adaptation to Heat Stress Occurring at the Reproductive Stage in Durum Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaoula El Hassouni ◽  
Bouchra Belkadi ◽  
Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf ◽  
Amadou Tidiane-Sall ◽  
Ayed Al-Abdallat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Positive Allele ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Genomic Regions

Heat stress occurring during the reproductive stage of wheat has a detrimental effect on productivity. A durum wheat core set was exposed to simulated terminal heat stress by applying plastic tunnels at the time of flowering over two seasons. Mean grain yield was reduced by 54% compared to control conditions, and grain number was the most critical trait for tolerance to this stress. The combined use of tolerance indices and grain yield identified five top performing elite lines: Kunmiki, Berghouata1, Margherita2, IDON37-141, and Ourgh. The core set was also subjected to genome wide association study using 7652 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers. The most significant genomic regions were identified in association with spike fertility and tolerance indices on chromosomes 1A, 5B, and 6B. Haplotype analysis on a set of 208 elite lines confirmed that lines that carried the positive allele at all three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) had a yield advantage of 8% when field tested under daily temperatures above 31° C. Three of the QTLs were successfully validated into Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers and explained >10% of the phenotypic variation for an independent elite germplasm set. These genomic regions can now be readily deployed via breeding to improve resilience to climate change and increase productivity in heat-stressed areas.

scholarly journals Loci Controlling Adaptation to Heat Stress Occurring at the Reproductive Stage in Durum Wheat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaoula El Hassouni ◽  
Bouchra Belkadi ◽  
Amadou Tidiane Sall ◽  
Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf ◽  
Ayed Al-Abdallat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Polymorphic Snps ◽  
Positive Allele ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Genomic Regions

Heat stress occurring during the reproductive stage of wheat has a detrimental effect on productivity. A durum wheat core set was exposed to simulated terminal heat stress by applying plastic tunnels at the time of flowering over two seasons. Mean grain yield was reduced by 54% compared to control conditions, and grain number was the most critical trait for tolerance to this stress. The combined use of tolerance indices and grain yield identified five elites: Kunmiki, Berghouata1, Margherita2, IDON37-141, and Ourgh. The core set was also subjected to genome wide association study using 7,652 polymorphic SNPs markers. The most critical genomic regions were identified in association with spike fertility and tolerance indices on chromosome 1A, 5B and 6B. Haplotype analysis on a set of 208 elites confirmed that lines that carried the positive allele at all three QTLs resulted in a yield advantage of 8% when field tested under daily temperatures above 31° C. Two of the QTLs were successfully validated into KASP markers and explained >10% of the phenotypic variation for an independent elite germplasm set. These genomic regions can now be readily deployed via breeding to improve resilience to climate change and increase productivity in heat-stressed areas.

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