scholarly journals Next Generation Cereal Crop Yield Enhancement: From Knowledge of Inflorescence Development to Practical Engineering by Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5167
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Penelope L. Lindsay ◽  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
New Era ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Crops Yield

Artificial domestication and improvement of the majority of crops began approximately 10,000 years ago, in different parts of the world, to achieve high productivity, good quality, and widespread adaptability. It was initiated from a phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developed to current biotechnology-based breeding to feed over 7 billion people. For most cereal crops, yield relates to grain production, which could be enhanced by increasing grain number and weight. Grain number is typically determined during inflorescence development. Many mutants and genes for inflorescence development have already been characterized in cereal crops. Therefore, optimization of such genes could fine-tune yield-related traits, such as grain number. With the rapidly advancing genome-editing technologies and understanding of yield-related traits, knowledge-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality. This review introduces knowledge about inflorescence yield-related traits in cereal crops, focusing on rice, maize, and wheat. Next, emerging genome-editing technologies and recent studies that apply this technology to engineer crop yield improvement by targeting inflorescence development are reviewed. These approaches promise to usher in a new era of breeding practice.

scholarly journals Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing System in Cereal Crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
V. Edwin Hillary ◽  
S. Antony Ceasar
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
New Era ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
User Friendly

Recent developments in targeted genome editing accelerated genetic research and opened new potentials to improve the crops for better yields and quality. Genome editing techniques like Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) have been accustomed to target any gene of interest. However, these systems have some drawbacks as they are very expensive and time consuming with labor-intensive protein construction protocol. A new era of genome editing technology has a user-friendly tool which is termed as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9), is an RNA based genome editing system involving a simple and cost-effective design of constructs. CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse crops for various genome editing approaches. In this review, we highlight the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in cereal crops including rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum to improve these crops for better yield and quality. Since cereal crops supply a major source of food to world populations, their improvement using recent genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 is timely and crucial. The genome editing of cereal crops using the CRISPR/Cas9 system would help to overcome the adverse effects of agriculture and may aid in conserving food security in developing countries.

scholarly journals A development guide for evaluating the maximum yield potential stage in barley

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubbu Thirulogachandar ◽  
Thorsten Schnurbusch
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Crops Yield

AbstractDetermining the grain yield potential contributed by grain number is a step towards advancing cereal crops’ yield. To achieve this aim, it is pivotal to recognize the maximum yield potential (MYP) of the crop. In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the MYP is defined as the maximum spikelet primordia number of a spike. Previous barley studies often assumed the awn primordium (AP) stage as the MYP stage regardless of genotypes and growth conditions. From our spikelet-tracking experiments using the two-rowed cultivar Bowman, we found that the MYP stage can be different from the AP stage. Importantly, we find that the occurrence of inflorescence meristem (IM) deformation and its loss of activity coincided with the MYP stage, indicating the end of further spikelet initiation. Thus, we recommend validating the barley MYP stage with the IM’s shape and propose this approach (named Spikelet Stop) for MYP staging. Following this approach, we compared the MYP stage and the MYP in 27 two- and six-rowed barley accessions grown in the greenhouse and field. Our results reveal that the MYP stage can be reached at various developmental stages, which majorly depend on the genotype and growth conditions. Furthermore, we found that two-rowed barleys’ MYP and the duration reaching the MYP stage may determine their yield potential. Based on our findings, we suggest key steps for the identification of the MYP in barley that can also be applied in a related crop such as wheat.HighlightWe show that the maximum yield potential stage in barley can be different from the awn primordium stage as proposed in earlier studies and it varies depending on the genotype and growth conditions. We suggest key steps to identify maximum yield potential in barley that might apply to related cereals.

CRISPR CAS 9 - A NEW ERA IN GENOME EDITING AND ITS APPLICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Akshatha Desai ◽  
Naicy Thomas ◽  
Vasudhar Bhat ◽  
Akhil H ◽  
Aravindakshan V
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
New Era

scholarly journals Genome editing opens a new era of genetic improvement in polyploid crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qamar U. Zaman ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Hongtao Cheng ◽  
Qiong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
New Era ◽  
Polyploid Crops

scholarly journals Monitoring of the Project to Convert Cereal Production into Olive Plantations in the Province of Tetouan (Northern Morocco)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ettakifi Hajar ◽  
Barbara Hicham ◽  
El Bouzdoudi Brahim ◽  
Errabii Tomader ◽  
El Kbiach Mohammed L’bachir
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

The agricultural sector occupies an important economic and social position in Morocco. In this sense, in recent years our country has adopted a new strategy for the agricultural sector called the "Green Morocco Plan". This plan is based on two pillars, the first is that which provides agriculture with high added value, high productivity, and competitiveness, the second is that which offers solidarity-based agriculture, based on the fight against poverty, increasing the income of small farmers, particularly in disadvantaged areas (such as unfavourable stock areas, mountains or oases, plains and plateaus in semi-arid regions). In our present study, we are particularly interested in the project to convert 760 ha of cereal crops into olive groves in the province of Tetouan. On the one hand, all stages of olive tree planting in cereal crops were monitored, as well as a comparison of yields, area, income, productivity and employment before and after the project was carried out. And on the other hand, an analysis of the various positive (social, economic and environmental) and negative (ecological) impacts of the project on the rural population in the province of Tetouan and on the environment in general. On the contrary, this project encountered several constraints, including natural, economic and social constraints.

scholarly journals Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Young Koung Lee ◽  
Lifang Zhang ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Induced Module ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Floral Meristems

AbstractAs in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of EMS-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.SignificanceThrough a single base pair mutation, grain number can be increased by ~200% in the globally important crop Sorghum bicolor. This mutation affects the expression of an enzyme, MSD2, that catalyzes the jasmonic acid pathway in developing floral meristems. The global gene expression profile in this enzymatic mutant is similar to that of a transcription factor mutant, msd1, indicating that disturbing any component of this regulatory module disrupts a positive feedback loop that occurs normally due to regular developmental perception of jasmonic acid. Additionally, the MSD1 transcription factor is able to regulate MSD2 in addition to other jasmonic acid pathway genes, suggesting that it is a primary transcriptional regulator of this hormone signaling pathway in floral meristems.

scholarly journals Genome Editing in Cereals: Approaches, Applications and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waquar A. Ansari ◽  
Sonali U. Chandanshive ◽  
Vacha Bhatt ◽  
Altafhusain B. Nadaf ◽  
Sanskriti Vats ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
World Population ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Current Scenario

Over the past decades, numerous efforts were made towards the improvement of cereal crops mostly employing traditional or molecular breeding approaches. The current scenario made it possible to efficiently explore molecular understanding by targeting different genes to achieve desirable plants. To provide guaranteed food security for the rising world population particularly under vulnerable climatic condition, development of high yielding stress tolerant crops is needed. In this regard, technologies upgradation in the field of genome editing looks promising. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a rapidly growing genome editing technique being effectively applied in different organisms, that includes both model and crop plants. In recent times CRISPR/Cas9 is being considered as a technology which revolutionized fundamental as well as applied research in plant breeding. Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully demonstrated in many cereal crops including rice, wheat, maize, and barley. Availability of whole genome sequence information for number of crops along with the advancement in genome-editing techniques provides several possibilities to achieve desirable traits. In this review, the options available for crop improvement by implementing CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing techniques with special emphasis on cereal crops have been summarized. Recent advances providing opportunities to simultaneously edit many target genes were also discussed. The review also addressed recent advancements enabling precise base editing and gene expression modifications. In addition, the article also highlighted limitations such as transformation efficiency, specific promoters and most importantly the ethical and regulatory issues related to commercial release of novel crop varieties developed through genome editing.

Therapeutic genome editing with engineered nucleases

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Haas ◽  
Viviane Dettmer ◽  
Toni Cathomen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
New Era ◽  
Engineered Nucleases ◽  
Genetic Interventions ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Programmable Nucleases ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

SummaryTargeted genome editing with designer nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, and CRISPR-Cas nucleases, has heralded a new era in gene therapy. Genetic disorders, which have not been amenable to conventional gene-addition-type gene therapy approaches, such as disorders with dominant inheritance or diseases caused by mutations in tightly regulated genes, can now be treated by precise genome surgery. Moreover, engineered nucleases enable novel genetic interventions to fight infectious diseases or to improve cancer immunotherapies. Here, we review the development of the different classes of programmable nucleases, discuss the challenges and improvements in translating gene editing into clinical use, and give an outlook on what applications can expect to enter the clinic in the near future.

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