scholarly journals Restriction of Manganese Intake Prevents the Onset of Brain Manganese Overload in Zip14−/− Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6773
Author(s):  
Yuze Wu ◽  
Guojun Wei ◽  
Ningning Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Manganese Transport ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

As a newly identified manganese transport protein, ZIP14 is highly expressed in the small intestine and liver, which are the two principal organs involved in regulating systemic manganese homeostasis. Loss of ZIP14 function leads to manganese overload in both humans and mice. Excess manganese in the body primarily affects the central nervous system, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. Therefore, to prevent the onset of brain manganese accumulation becomes critical. In this study, we used Zip14−/− mice as a model for ZIP14 deficiency and discovered that these mice were born without manganese loading in the brain, but started to hyper-accumulate manganese within 3 weeks after birth. We demonstrated that decreasing manganese intake in Zip14−/− mice was effective in preventing manganese overload that typically occurs in these animals. Our results provide important insight into future studies that are targeted to reduce the onset of manganese accumulation associated with ZIP14 dysfunction in humans.

The Pathogenesis of Somatic Disease in Mental Defectives

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (409) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Crome
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Somatic Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
The Brain

The problems of the interdependence and unity of the brain and body have been put on a scientific basis by Pavlov and his successors. Bykov (1947) has, for example, been able to demonstrate that the cortex plays a leading part in the regulation of somatic processes, such as secretion of urine, blood pressure, peristalsis and metabolism. It is therefore reasonable to argue that lesions of the central nervous system will be reflected in the pathogenesis and course of morbid processes in the body. It does not follow, however, that this influence will necessarily be in the direction of greater lability, more rapid pathogenesis or more extensive destruction. The outstanding feature of the central nervous system is its plasticity and power of compensation. It is therefore possible and probable that those parts of the nervous system which remain intact will take over and compensate for the function of the lost ones. Emotion may, for example, lead to polyuria, but it does not follow that urinary secretion will be impaired in a leucotomized patient. The brain may well play an important part in the infective processes of a normal person, but the defence against infection in a microcephalic idiot may remain perfectly adequate, and may even be more effective than in a normal person, provided that the mechanism of the immunity and phagocytosis had been more fully mobilized in the course of his previous life.

scholarly journals Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2): Confusing Roles in the Pathophysiology of Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuqi Chen ◽  
Wenmei Lu ◽  
Danhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

As a type of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is predominantly found in the cytoplasm of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting its potential role in neurological disorders. Though SIRT2 is generally acknowledged to accelerate the development of neurological pathologies, it protects the brain from deterioration in certain circumstances. This review summarized the complex roles SIRT2 plays in the pathophysiology of diverse neurological disorders, compared and analyzed the discrete roles of SIRT2 in different conditions, and provided possible explanations for its paradoxical functions. In the future, the rapid growth in SIRT2 research may clarify its impacts on neurological disorders and develop therapeutic strategies targeting this protein.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of neuropathogenesis and neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Dziak ◽  
O.S. Tsurkalenko ◽  
K.V. Chekha ◽  
V.M. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Coronavirus infection is a systemic pathology resulting in impairment of the nervous system. The involvement of the central nervous system in COVID-19 is diverse by clinical manifestations and main mechanisms. The mechanisms of interrelations between SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system include a direct virus-induced lesion of the central nervous system, inflammatory-mediated impairment, thrombus burden, and impairment caused by hypoxia and homeostasis. Due to the multi-factor mechanisms (viral, immune, hypoxic, hypercoagulation), the SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a wide range of neurological disorders involving both the central and peripheral nervous system and end organs. Dizziness, headache, altered level of consciousness, acute cerebrovascular diseases, hypogeusia, hyposmia, peripheral neuropathies, sleep disorders, delirium, neuralgia, myalgia are the most common signs. The structural and functional changes in various organs and systems and many neurological symptoms are determined to persist after COVID-19. Regardless of the numerous clinical reports about the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 as before it is difficult to determine if they are associated with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection or they are secondary to hypoxia, sepsis, cytokine reaction, and multiple organ failure. Penetrated the brain, COVID-19 can impact the other organs and systems and the body in general. Given the mechanisms of impairment, the survivors after COVID-19 with the infection penetrated the brain are more susceptible to more serious diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Given the multi-factor pathogenesis of COVID-19 resulting in long-term persistence of the clinical symptoms due to impaired neuroplasticity and neurogenesis followed by cholinergic deficiency, the usage of Neuroxon® 1000 mg a day with twice-day dosing for 30 days. Also, a long-term follow-up and control over the COVID-19 patients are recommended for the prophylaxis, timely determination, and correction of long-term complications.

scholarly journals Several forms of callitachykinins are distributed in the central nervous system and intestine of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (12) ◽  
pp. 2527-2536
Author(s):  
D R Nässel ◽  
M Y Kim ◽  
C T Lundquist
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Immunoreactive Material ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Entire Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

We have examined the distribution of two tachykinin-related neuropeptides, callitachykinin I and II (CavTK-I and CavTK-II), isolated from whole-animal extracts of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Extracts of dissected brains, thoracic-abdominal ganglia and midguts of adult blowflies and the entire central nervous system of larval flies were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of CavTKs. To identify the two neuropeptides by HPLC, we used the retention times of synthetic CavTK-I and II as reference and detection with an antiserum raised to locustatachykinin II (shown here to recognise both CavTK-I and II). The brain contains only two immunoreactive components, and these have exactly the same retention times as CavTK-I and II. The thoracic-abdominal ganglia and midgut contain immunoreactive material eluting like CavTK-I and II as well as additional material eluting later. The larval central nervous system (CNS) contains material eluting like CavTK-I and II as well as a component that elutes earlier. We conclude that CavTK-I and II are present in all assayed tissues and that additional, hitherto uncharacterised, forms of tachykinin-immunoreactive material may be present in the body ganglia and midgut as well as in the larval CNS. An antiserum was raised to CavTK-II for immunocytochemistry. This antiserum, which was found to be specific for CavTK-II in ELISA, labelled all the neurones and midgut endocrine cells previously shown to react with the less selective locustatachykinin antisera. It is not clear, however, whether CavTK-I and II are colocalised in all LomTK-immunoreactive cells since there is no unambiguous probe for CavTK-I.

scholarly journals Croonian Lecture. — Animal posture.

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (690) ◽  
pp. 339-353 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Every movement starts from and ends in some posture, so that I think a discussion of “Animal Posture” falls well within the scope of the intention of Dr. William Croone, when he founded these annual Lectures to promote the study of “Muscular Motion.” Before beginning I wish to emphasise how greatly I appreciate the honour of delivering before you this Lecture, and how I especially enjoy the pleasure of doing so with Sir Charles Sherrington in the Chair, who long ago took the trouble to introduce me to his beautiful methods of investigating the central nervous system, and to allow me an insight into his fruitful views on the function of nervous centres. As it is impossible to consider the whole problem of posture in one short lecture, I propose to speak to you to-day on four partial problem.5, which are closely connected with each other, and which provided the starting points for investigations which have been carried out in my laboratory at Utrecht, with the aid of a great number of able collaborators. These partial problems are :— 1. Reflex standing . —In order to carry the weight of the body against the action of gravity, it is necessary that a certain set of muscles, the “standing muscles,” should have by reflex action a certain degree of enduring tone, to prevent the body from falling down on the ground.

scholarly journals Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of nervous system disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 517-531
Author(s):  
Wioletta Kazana ◽  
Agnieszka Zabłocka
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bdnf Level ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the proper functioning of the nervous system. It regulates the growth and survival of nerve cells, and is crucial in processes related to the memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. Abnormalities related to the distribution and secretion of BDNF protein accompany many diseases of the nervous system, in the course of which a significant decrease in BDNF level in the brain is observed. Impairments of BDNF transport may occur, for example, in the event of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Bdnf (Val66Met) coding gene or due to the dysfunctions of the proteins involved in intracellular transport, such as huntingtin (HTT), huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1), carboxypeptidase E (CPE) or sortilin 1 (SORT1). One of the therapeutic goals in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system may be the regulation of expression and secretion of BDNF protein by nerve cells. Potential therapeutic strategies are based on direct injection of the protein into the specific region of the brain, the use of viral vectors expressing the Bdnf gene, transplantation of BDNF-producing cells, the use of substances of natural origin that stimulate the cells of the central nervous system for BDNF production, or the use of molecules activating the main receptor for BDNF – tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). In addition, an appropriate lifestyle that promotes physical activity helps to increase BDNF level in the body. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the biological role of BDNF protein and proteins involved in intracellular transport of this neurotrophin. Moreover, it presents contemporary research trends to develop therapeutic methods, leading to an increase in the level of BDNF protein in the brain.

scholarly journals Nanotherapeutics in Neuropathologies: Obstacles, Challenges and Recent Advancements in CNS Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Patel ◽  
Vishal Chavda ◽  
Jigar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The Brain

: Neurology and associated nanotherapeutics is a complex field in terms of therapeutics and neurological disorder complexity. Brain is an intricate appendage and requires more precise embattled treatment for the particular diseases and hence it’s a broad scale for developing more targeted drug deliveries. The brain is one of the most inaccessible tissues of the body due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus delivery of drugs inside the brain is a striking dare and it is also tricky to treat central nervous system (CNS) complications pharmacologically. The therapeutic aspiration is to accomplish a lowest drug meditation in the brain tissues so as to gain favoured therapeutic results. To devastate this obstacle, nanotechnology is engaged in the field of targeted brain drug delivery and neuropathology targeting. These carriers hold myriad ability as they may augment the drug delivery into the brain by shielding them from degradation and prolonging their transmission in the blood, as well as promoting their transport through the BBB. Nanopharmaceuticals are quickly sprouting as new avenue that is engaged with the drug-loaded nanocarriers to demonstrate unique physicochemical properties and tiny size range for penetrating into the central nervous system. The enchantment behind their therapeutic achievement is the condensed drug dose and inferior toxicity, whereby restricting the therapeutic compound to the specific site. Therefore, in this article we have tried to recapitulate the advances the novel scopes for the brain targeted drug delivery for complex neurological disorders.

The effect of undernutrition on the postnatal development of the brain and cord in pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 166 (1005) ◽  
pp. 396-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain

Sucking pigs about 2 weeks old were held back by undernutrition so that they weighed only 5 to 6 kg when they were a year of age. The brain and cord developed during this time to the size to be expected in a normal pig about 10 weeks old but, although they remained immature for their chronological age, the effect on the various constituents was not uniform. The accumulation of cholesterol was less retarded than that of DNA.P or the increase in brain weight. During rehabilitation on a highly satisfactory diet the final body w eight reached at 3 1/2 years was 80 % of that to be expected in an adult pig and was equivalent only to that of a normal pig two years old. The central nervous system grew to the appropriate size for the body. The percentage of cholesterol in the central nervous system rose during rehabilitation, but, particularly in the forebrain, brain stem and spinal cord, remained subnormal for the chronological age. The deficiency of DNA- P in the rehabilitated brain was even greater, and the absolute amount finally corresponded to that found in the brain of a norm alanimal only one year of age.

5. Reacting and thinking

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vast Network

This chapter assesses the nervous system. In the trunk of the body and the neck, the central nervous system (CNS) is called the spinal cord; in the head, it is called the brain. The CNS is dominated by two cell types: neurons and glia. The neurons form a vast network in which information is split, combined, and somehow processed. Examples of this processing include reflex arcs, the ‘circuitry’ that detects features such as edges in images coming from the eyes, and simple types of learning and memory. However, most other things in the brain, especially thinking and feeling, are not yet understood at all well.

Introduction to the central nervous system

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Pathways ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain

Dental students and practitioners need a working knowledge of the central nervous system (CNS) for several reasons. • A general knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system is required to understand the major roles it plays in controlling body functions. • The cranial nerves innervating the head and neck, including the oral cavity, underpin all functions in these areas; knowledge of these nerves, including their connections to the CNS is vital to understanding the anatomy and physiology of this region. • Clinically, dental students and practitioners will frequently encounter patients suffering from one or other of the many diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Satisfactory dental management of such patients requires some understanding of their illness which in turn requires knowledge of the general structure of the nervous system. The anatomy of the nervous system was described long before we understood much of its function. Like all other parts of the body, everything is named; some of the names seem to defy the logic of anatomical nomenclature used to describe structures elsewhere in the body introduced in Chapter 1. Some of the structures visible to the naked eye were named by their fanciful resemblance to everyday objects such as olives; their names, therefore, bear no resemblance to their function. However, the nerve tracts that connect different areas to form functional pathways are described using a consistent system of naming. Only the most important structures that can be observed in dissected brains or form important landmarks in functional pathways are included in these chapters on the nervous system. It is important to appreciate that much of the detailed structure of the brain can only be observed microscopically. Special microscopical methods are required to show its structure and even then, a practised eye is required to interpret them. Nevertheless, it does help to know the outline of how the connections and functions of the nervous system have been investigated to understand how we have arrived at our present level of knowledge. Initially, careful clinical observations of signs and symptoms prior to death were correlated with post-mortem changes in the brain.

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