scholarly journals Exercise Pills for Drug Addiction: Forced Moderate Endurance Exercise Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity through the Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling Pathway in Male Sprague Dawley Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8203
Author(s):  
Suryun Jung ◽  
Youjeong Kim ◽  
Mingyu Kim ◽  
Minjae Seo ◽  
Suji Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Exercise Treatment ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Gsk 3Β

Physical exercise reduces the extent, duration, and frequency of drug use in drug addicts during the drug initiation phase, as well as during prolonged addiction, withdrawal, and recurrence. However, information about exercise-induced neurobiological changes is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forced moderate endurance exercise training on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavior and the associated neurobiological changes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and/or forced moderate endurance exercise (treadmill running, 21 m/min, 60 min/day) for 2 weeks. Over the two weeks, endurance exercise training significantly reduced METH-induced hyperactivity. METH and/or exercise treatment increased striatal dopamine (DA) levels, decreased p(Thr308)-Akt expression, and increased p(Tyr216)-GSK-3β expression. However, the phosphorylation levels of Ser9-GSK-3β were significantly increased in the exercise group. METH administration significantly increased the expression of NMDAr1, CaMKK2, MAPKs, and PP1 in the striatum, and exercise treatment significantly decreased the expression of these molecules. Therefore, it is apparent that endurance exercise inhibited the METH-induced hyperactivity due to the decrease in GSK-3β activation by the regulation of the striatal glutamate signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Responses to Endurance and Resistance Training in Rats under Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1645
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Liu ◽  
Xiong Xue ◽  
Junsheng Tian ◽  
Xuemei Qin ◽  
Shi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

The objectives of this study were to compare the antidepressant effects between endurance and resistance exercise for optimizing interventions and examine the metabolomic changes in different types of skeletal muscles in response to the exercise, using a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. There were 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into a control group (C) and 3 experimental groups: CUMS control (D), endurance exercise (E), and resistance exercise (R). Group E underwent 30 min treadmill running, and group R performed 8 rounds of ladder climbing, 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Body weight, sucrose preference, and open field tests were performed pre and post the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms, and the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were sampled after the intervention for metabolomic analysis using the 1H-NMR technique. The results showed that both types of exercise effectively improved the depression-like symptoms, and the endurance exercise appeared to have a better effect. The levels of 10 metabolites from the gastrocnemius and 13 metabolites from the soleus of group D were found to be significantly different from that of group C, and both types of exercise had a callback effect on these metabolites, indicating that a number of metabolic pathways were involved in the depression and responded to the exercise interventions.

Higher mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation following intermittent versus continuous endurance exercise training

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 891-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Chilibeck ◽  
G J Bell ◽  
R P Farrar ◽  
T P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid

It has been well documented that skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation can be elevated by continuous endurance exercise training. However, it remains questionable whether similar adaptations can be induced with intermittent interval exercise training. This study was undertaken to directly compare the rates of fatty acid oxidation in isolated subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria following these different exercise training regimes. Mitochondria were isolated from the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats following exercise training 6 days per week for 12 weeks. Exercise training consisted of either continuous, submaximal, endurance treadmill running (n = 10) or intermittent, high intensity, interval running (n = 10). Both modes of training enhanced the oxidation of palmityl-carnitine-malate in both mitochondrial populations (p < 0.05). However, the increase associated with the intermittent, high intensity exercise training was significantly greater than that achieved with the continuous exercise training (p < 0.05). Also, the increases associated with the IMF mitochondria were greater than the SS mitochondria (p < 0.05). These data suggest that high intensity, intermittent interval exercise training is more effective for stimulation of fatty acid oxidation than continuous submaximal exercise training and that this adaptation occurs preferentially within IMF mitochondria.Key words: muscle, subsarcolemmal mitochondria, intermyofibrillar mitochondria.

Skeletal muscle biochemical adaptations to exercise training in miniature swine

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1862-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. McAllister ◽  
Brian L. Reiter ◽  
John F. Amann ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Hydroxyacyl Coa Dehydrogenase

McAllister, Richard M., Brian L. Reiter, John F. Amann, and M. Harold Laughlin. Skeletal muscle biochemical adaptations to exercise training in miniature swine. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1862–1868, 1997.—The primary purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that endurance exercise training induces increased oxidative capacity in porcine skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, female miniature swine were either trained by treadmill running 5 days/wk over 16–20 wk (Trn; n = 35) or pen confined (Sed; n = 33). Myocardial hypertrophy, lower heart rates during submaximal stages of a maximal treadmill running test, and increased running time to exhaustion during that test were indicative of training efficacy. A variety of skeletal muscles were sampled and subsequently assayed for the enzymes citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase and for antioxidant enzymes. Fiber type composition of a representative muscle was also determined histochemically. The largest increase in CS activity (62%) was found in the gluteus maximus muscle (Sed, 14.7 ± 1.1 μmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ g−1; Trn, 23.9 ± 1.0; P < 0.0005). Muscles exhibiting increased CS activity, however, were located primarily in the forelimb; ankle and knee extensor and respiratory muscles were unchanged with training. Only two muscles exhibited higher 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in Trn compared with Sed. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was unchanged with training, as were activities of antioxidant enzymes. Histochemical analysis of the triceps brachii muscle (long head) revealed lower type IIB fiber numbers in Trn (Sed, 42 ± 6%; Trn, 10 ± 4; P < 0.01) and greater type IID/X fiber numbers (Sed, 11 ± 2; Trn, 22 ± 3; P < 0.025). These findings indicate that porcine skeletal muscle adapts to endurance exercise training in a manner similar to muscle of humans and other animal models, with increased oxidative capacity. Specific muscles exhibiting these adaptations, however, differ between the miniature swine and other species.

Exercise training improves myocardial tolerance to in vivo ischemia-reperfusion in the rat

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. R1468-R1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott K. Powers ◽  
Haydar A. Demirel ◽  
Heather K. Vincent ◽  
Jeff S. Coombes ◽  
Hisashi Naito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Nonprotein Thiols

Experimental studies examining the effects of regular exercise on cardiac responses to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are limited. Therefore, these experiments examined the effects of endurance exercise training on myocardial biochemical and physiological responses during in vivo I/R. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 mo old) were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group or to an exercise training group. After a 10-wk endurance exercise training program, animals were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, and the chest was opened by thoracotomy. Coronary occlusion was achieved by a ligature around the left coronary artery; occlusion was maintained for 20 min, followed by a 10-min period of reperfusion. Compared with untrained, exercise-trained animals maintained higher ( P < 0.05) peak systolic blood pressure throughout I/R. Training resulted in a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in ventricular nonprotein thiols, heat shock protein (HSP) 72, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, compared with untrained controls, left ventricles from trained animals exhibited lower levels ( P < 0.05) of lipid peroxidation after I/R. These data demonstrate that endurance exercise training improves myocardial contractile performance and reduces lipid peroxidation during I/R in the rat in vivo. It appears likely that the improvement in the myocardial responses to I/R was related to training-induced increases in nonprotein thiols, HSP72, and the activities of SOD and PFK in the myocardium.

Regional differences in effects of exercise training on contractile and biochemical properties of rat cardiac myocytes

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Diffee ◽  
Daniel F. Nagle
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Improved Function ◽  
Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Myocardial function is enhanced by endurance exercise training, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this improved function remain unclear. A number of studies have shown that the characteristics of cardiac myocytes vary across the width of the ventricular wall. We have previously shown that endurance exercise training alters the Ca2+ sensitivity of tension as well as contractile protein isoform expression in rat cardiac myocytes. We tested the hypothesis that these effects of training are not uniform across the ventricular wall but are more pronounced in the subendocardial (Endo) region of the myocardium. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sedentary control (C) and exercise trained (T) groups. T rats underwent 11 wk of progressive treadmill exercise. Myocytes were isolated from the Endo region of the myocardium and from the subepicardial (Epi) region of both T and C hearts. We found an increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of tension in T cells compared with C cells, but this difference was larger in the Endo cells than in the Epi cells. In addition, we found a training-induced increase in atrial myosin light chain 1 (aMLC1) expression that was larger in the Endo compared with Epi samples. We conclude that effects of exercise training on myocyte contractile and biochemical properties are greater in myocytes from the Endo region of the myocardium than those from the Epi region. In addition, these results provide evidence that the increase in aMLC1 expression may be responsible for some of the training-induced increase in myocyte Ca2+ sensitivity of tension.

Effect of endurance exercise training on heart rate onset and heart rate recovery responses to submaximal exercise in animals susceptible to ventricular fibrillation

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Billman ◽  
Monica Kukielka
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Vagal Activity ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Exercise Onset

Both a large heart rate (HR) increase at exercise onset and a slow heart rate (HR) recovery following the termination of exercise have been linked to an increased risk for ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with coronary artery disease. Endurance exercise training can alter cardiac autonomic regulation. Therefore, it is possible that this intervention could restore a more normal HR regulation in high-risk individuals. To test this hypothesis, HR and HR variability (HRV, 0.24- to 1.04-Hz frequency component; an index of cardiac vagal activity) responses to submaximal exercise were measured 30, 60, and 120 s after exercise onset and 30, 60, and 120 s following the termination of exercise in dogs with healed myocardial infarctions known to be susceptible ( n = 19) to VF (induced by a 2-min coronary occlusion during the last minute of a submaximal exercise test). These studies were then repeated after either a 10-wk exercise program (treadmill running, n = 10) or an equivalent sedentary period ( n = 9). After 10 wk, the response to exercise was not altered in the sedentary animals. In contrast, endurance exercise increased indexes of cardiac vagal activity such that HR at exercise onset was reduced (30 s after exercise onset: HR pretraining 179 ± 8.4 vs. posttraining 151.4 ± 6.6 beats/min; HRV pretraining 4.0 ± 0.4 vs. posttraining 5.8 ± 0.4 ln ms2), whereas HR recovery 30 s after the termination of exercise increased (HR pretraining 186 ± 7.8 vs. posttraining 159.4 ± 7.7 beats/min; HRV pretraining 2.4 ± 0.3 vs. posttraining 4.0 ± 0.6 ln ms2). Thus endurance exercise training restored a more normal HR regulation in dogs susceptible to VF.

Endurance exercise training inhibits activity of plasma GOT and liver caspase-3 of rats exposed to stress by induction of heat shock protein 70

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1776-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Mikami ◽  
Satoshi Sumida ◽  
Yoshitomo Ishibashi ◽  
Shigeo Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Heat Shock Protein 70 ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Hepatic Protection

A single bout of exercise increases production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which protects cells against various stresses. In this study, we investigated whether endurance exercise training enhances liver level of HSP70 and, if so, whether HSP70 contributes to hepatic protection against stress in vivo. Mice of an exercise-training group performed 60 min of treadmill running 5 days/wk for 4 wk. The resting level of liver HSP70 was 4.5 times higher in the trained than in sedentary mice. After 4 wk of exercise training, both groups of mice were exposed to the following stresses: 1) heat stress, 2) cold stress, 3) oxidative stress, 4) ethanol stress, and 5) exercise stress by compelling the mice to run on a treadmill until exhausted. After exposure to the stresses, the liver was immediately isolated. Elevation of liver HSP70 in the trained mice was evident, whereas no elevation was found in the sedentary mice. On exposure to heat, diethyldithiocarbamate and ethanol, activities of glutanic oxalacetic transaminase in plasma, and liver caspase-3, a key enzyme of apoptotic processing, were elevated in the sedentary mice but not in the trained mice. These results suggest that exercise training enhanced the resting level of liver HSP70 and hepatic protection against various stresses, at least partly attributing to the suppression of caspase-3 activity by the increase in HSP70.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Training Decreases Hepatic Asprosin in Diabetic Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Rim Ko ◽  
Dae Yun Seo ◽  
Tae Nyun Kim ◽  
Se Hwan Park ◽  
Hyo-Bum Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hepatic Glucose

Asprosin, a novel hormone released from white adipose tissue, regulates hepatic glucose metabolism and is pathologically elevated in the presence of insulin resistance. It is unknown whether aerobic exercise training affects asprosin levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to determine whether (1) aerobic exercise training could decrease asprosin levels in the liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and (2) the reduction in asprosin levels could induce asprosin-dependent downstream pathways. Five-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, STZ-induced diabetes (STZ), and STZ with aerobic exercise training groups (n = 6/group). T1DM was induced by a single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)). The exercise group was made to run on a treadmill for 60 min at a speed of 20 m/min, 4 days per week for 8 weeks. Aerobic exercise training reduced the protein levels of asprosin, PKA, and TGF-β but increased those of AMPK, Akt, PGC-1β, and MnSOD. These results suggest that aerobic exercise training affects hepatic asprosin-dependent PKA/TGF-β and AMPK downstream pathways in T1DM.

scholarly journals Endurance Exercise Training Modes to Improve Physical Function in Older Mice: HIIT vs. VWR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 888-888
Author(s):  
Ted Graber ◽  
Chris Byrd ◽  
Emily Seguin ◽  
Anna Seguin ◽  
Alyssa Fennel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

Abstract With age, we experience a progressive loss of physical function. Exercise is a promising therapy to preserve muscle health and functional aptitude. Animal models are needed to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms at the intersection of aging, exercise, and functional decline. In this study, we compare the efficacy of two types of individualized endurance exercise training in older C57BL/6 mice (26-months old at completion): HIIT (high intensity interval training on a treadmill, n=10) and VWR (voluntary wheel running, n=8). We hypothesized that while both exercises would improve function, HIIT would promote more extensive adaptation. For four months the VWR mice ran 4 days/week and the HIIT group ran 3x/week. We determined function pre/post-training by utilizing our composite scoring system, the Comprehensive Functional Assessment Battery (CFAB). CFAB consists of the following: treadmill running (endurance), rotarod (overall motor function), wheel running (volitional exercise rate/activity), grip strength (fore-limb strength), and inverted cling (overall strength/endurance). EchoMRI determined body composition. After training, we found significant CFAB improvement (repeated measures t-test, p&lt;0.05) in both exercise groups, specifically including: rotarod (+37%, HIIT and VWR); treadmill (+61% VWR; +58% HIIT), grip strength (+20% VWR), body mass (-17% VWR, -10% HIIT), and fat percentage (-44% VWR, -20% HIIT). Contrary to our hypothesis, HIIT did not improve function more than VWR, though we suspect increasing training intensity would improve response. Thus, future studies will need to address defining HIIT dose response and optimal training volume for older mice. We conclude that our models will be useful for future mechanistic investigations.

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