scholarly journals Starve to Sustain—An Ancient Syrian Landrace of Sorghum as Tool for Phosphorous Bio-Economy?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9312
Author(s):  
Adnan Kanbar ◽  
Madeleine Mirzai ◽  
Eman Abuslima ◽  
Noemi Flubacher ◽  
Rose Eghbalian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
Source Plant ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Phosphorus Recycling ◽  
Systemic Responses

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, playing a role in developmental and metabolic processes in plants. To understand the local and systemic responses of sorghum to inorganic phosphorus (Pi) starvation and the potential of straw and ash for reutilisation in agriculture, we compared two grain (Razinieh) and sweet (Della) sorghum varieties with respect to their morpho-physiological and molecular responses. We found that Pi starvation increased the elongation of primary roots, the formation of lateral roots, and the accumulation of anthocyanin. In Razinieh, lateral roots were promoted to a higher extent, correlated with a higher expression of SbPht1 phosphate transporters. Infrared spectra of straw from mature plants raised to maturity showed two prominent bands at 1371 and 2337 cm−1, which could be assigned to P-H(H2) stretching vibration in phosphine acid and phosphinothious acid, and their derivates, whose abundance correlated with phosphate uptake of the source plant and genotype (with a higher intensity in Razinieh). The ash generated from these straws stimulated the shoot elongation and root development of the rice seedlings, especially for the material derived from Razinieh raised under Pi starvation. In conclusion, sorghum growing on marginal lands has potential as a bio-economy alternative for mineral phosphorus recycling.

Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Vatehová ◽  
Karin Kollárová ◽  
Ivan Zelko ◽  
Danica Richterová-Kučerová ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Si Addition

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon (Si) and cadmium (Cd) on root and shoot growth and Cd uptake in two hydroponically cultivated Brassica species (B. juncea (L.) Czern. cv. Vitasso and B. napus L. cv. Atlantic). Both species are potentially usable for phytoextraction. Inhibitory effects of Cd on root elongation were diminished by the impact of Si. Primary roots elongation in the presence of Cd + Si compared with Cd was stronger and the number of lateral roots was lower in B. juncea than in B. napus. Cd content per plant was higher in B. napus roots and shoots compared with B. juncea. Suberin lamellae were formed closer to the root apex in Cd + Si than in Cd treated plants and this effect was stronger in B. napus than in B. juncea. Accelerated maturation of endodermis was associated with reduced Cd uptake. Cd decreased the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in both species, but Si addition positively influenced the content of photosynthetic pigments which was higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. Si enhanced more substantially translocation of Cd into the shoot of B. napus than of B. juncea. Based on our results B. napus seems to be more suitable for Cd phytoextraction than B. juncea because these plants produce more biomass and accumulate higher amount of Cd. The protective effect of Si on Cd treated Brassica plants could be attributed to more extensive development of suberin lamellae in endodermis.

scholarly journals Expression Studies on AUX1-like Genes in Medicago truncatula Suggest That Auxin Is Required at Two Steps in Early Nodule Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise de Billy ◽  
Cathy Grosjean ◽  
Sean May ◽  
Malcolm Bennett ◽  
Julie V. Cullimore
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
High Sequence Similarity ◽  
Primary Roots

Medicago truncatula contains a family of at least five genes related to AUX1 of Arabidopsis thaliana (termed MtLAX genes for Medicago truncatula-like AUX1 genes). The high sequence similarity between the encoded proteins and AUX1 implies that the MtLAX genes encode auxin import carriers. The MtLAX genes are expressed in roots and other organs, suggesting that they play pleiotropic roles related to auxin uptake. In primary roots, the MtLAX genes are expressed preferentially in the root tips, particularly in the provascular bundles and root caps. During lateral root and nodule development, the genes are expressed in the primordia, particularly in cells that were probably derived from the pericycle. At slightly later stages, the genes are expressed in the regions of the developing organs where the vasculature arises (central position for lateral roots and peripheral region for nodules). These results are consistent with MtLAX being involved in local auxin transport and suggest that auxin is required at two common stages of lateral root and nodule development: development of the primordia and differentiation of the vasculature.

GERMINATION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON MILKWEED

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
PRASANTA C. BHOWMIK
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Primary Root Length ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Germination percentage of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) seeds was low 1 mo after seed collection. Seed dormancy decreased with time at storage temperatures of −12°, 5° or 21 °C. After 11 months of storage, seeds stored at 21 °C had 15–18% higher germination compared to the seeds stored at −12° and 5 °C. The best seedling emergence was obtained at a temperature of 27 °C when seeds were planted at a depth of 0.5 or 1 cm. Seedling emergence was better in muck or sandy soil than in clay soil. Seedlings developed slowly up to 30 days after emergence at 15 °C under an 8-, 12- or 16-h photoperiod. High temperatures (27 °C) stimulated seedling growth under each photoperiod. Taller seedlings with more leaves, longer primary roots, more lateral roots and adventitious root buds grew at 27 °C as compared to 15° or 21 °C. Increasing the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h increased plant height and number of leaves but not primary root length.

scholarly journals Tissue growth constrains root organ outlines into an isometrically scalable shape

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. dev196253
Author(s):  
Motohiro Fujiwara ◽  
Tatsuaki Goh ◽  
Satoru Tsugawa ◽  
Keiji Nakajima ◽  
Hidehiro Fukaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Catenary Curve ◽  
Expansion Force

ABSTRACTOrgan morphologies are diverse but also conserved under shared developmental constraints among species. Any geometrical similarities in the shape behind diversity and the underlying developmental constraints remain unclear. Plant root tip outlines commonly exhibit a dome shape, which likely performs physiological functions, despite the diversity in size and cellular organization among distinct root classes and/or species. We carried out morphometric analysis of the primary roots of ten angiosperm species and of the lateral roots (LRs) of Arabidopsis, and found that each root outline was isometrically scaled onto a parameter-free catenary curve, a stable structure adopted for arch bridges. Using the physical model for bridges, we analogized that localized and spatially uniform occurrence of oriented cell division and expansion force the LR primordia (LRP) tip to form a catenary curve. These growth rules for the catenary curve were verified by tissue growth simulation of developing LRP development based on time-lapse imaging. Consistently, LRP outlines of mutants compromised in these rules were found to deviate from catenary curves. Our analyses demonstrate that physics-inspired growth rules constrain plant root tips to form isometrically scalable catenary curves.

scholarly journals CHILLING ENHANCEMENT OF ROOT REGENERATION IN APPLE CAN OCCUR WITHOUT BUDBREAK OR GROWTH OF ROOT SUCKERS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127G-1128
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
One Year ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Root Suckers

After receiving 0, 600, 1200, or 1800 hr. of chilling at 5C, one-year-old Malus domestica Borkh. seedlings were given 10 sec. root dips either 10,000 ppm K-IBA solution or water control. Following chilling and IBA treatments, 20 seedlings of each combination were placed in forcing conditions of 20 ± 2C root temperatures and either 20 or 5 ± 1C shoot temperatures. Five seedlings of each treatment were harvested after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of forcing. Five C prohibited budbreak and bark slipage for up to 21 days. Under 20C, budbreak, shoot elongation and root growth all occurred earlier, faster, and reached a higher level with increased chilling. Twenty C root and 5C shoot temperatures during forcing resulted in large increases in the growth of adventitious shoots on lateral roots, but had little effect on the formation of adventitious shoots on the tap root. K-IBA prohibited development of adventitious shoots on roots, reduced shoot elongation more so than budbreak, and increased root regeneration across chilling hours. K-IBA inhibition of adventitious shoots did not alter the overall pattern of root regeneration enhancement by chilling.

scholarly journals Influence of Indolebutyric Acid Potassium Salt on Propagation of Semi-hardwood Stem Cuttings of Bougainvillea

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 983D-983
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Cerveny ◽  
James L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

Bougainvillea glabra is a tropical species with reportedly difficulty to propagate. Previous research has shown the importance of talc-based rooting hormones when propagating Bougainvillea, yet little has been published on the efficacy of liquid-based formulations. Therefore, our objective was to determine the optimum concentration of indolebutyric acid potassium salt (KIBA) needed to effectively root semi-hardwood stem cuttings of Bougainvillea `California Gold' and `Helen Johnson'. Sub-terminal cuttings measuring 6.5 cm were harvested from stock plants of Bougainvillea on 3-week intervals from 6 June to 8 Aug. and repeated 6 Sept. to 8 Nov. 2005. Cuttings were dipped 0.5 cm in a solution of 0, 1500, 3000, or 6000 mg·L-1 KIBA or in a 1500-mg·L-1 solution containing indolebutyric acid (IBA) 1%: napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0.5% and propagated under mist. Cuttings were evaluated for percent survival, rooting quality (1 = poor; 5 = best), and number of primary and lateral roots 5 weeks after planting (WAP). Differences in `California Gold' for percent survival, average rank, and number of roots were determined not significant at P ≤ 0.05. However, application of rooting hormone to `Helen Johnson' increased rooting quality, number of primary roots, and number of lateral roots by up to 24%, 53%, and 50%, respectively. Results indicated rooting performance was generally improved with application of KIBA; therefore, cuttings of Bougainvillea may benefit from a 1500-mg·L-1 solution. KIBA was also found to be as effective as the industry standard liquid formulation. Growers will have to consider the availability and cost of KIBA when propagating Bougainvillea.

scholarly journals Impact of soil compaction heterogeneity and moisture on maize (Zea mays L.) root and shoot development

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Konôpka ◽  
L. Pagès ◽  
C. Doussan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

Soil compaction heterogeneity and water content are supposed to be decisive factors influencing plant growth. Our experiment focused on simulation of two soil moisture levels (0.16 and 0.19 g/g) plus two levels of clod proportion (30 and 60% volume) and their effects on root and leaf variables of maize (<I>Zea mays</I> L.). We studied number of primary and lateral roots as well as primary root length at the particular soil depths. Statistical tests showed that the decrease rate of the number of roots versus depth was significantly affected by the two studied factors (<I>P</I> < 0.01). Soil moisture and clod occurrence, interactively, affected leaf biomass (<I>P</I> = 0.02). Presence of clods modified root morphological features. Particularly, the diameter of primary roots in the clods was significantly higher than of those grown in fine soil (<I>P</I> < 0.01). For primary roots, which penetrated clods, branching density decreased considerably for the root segments located just after the clods (<I>P</I> = 0.01). Regarding their avoidance to clods and tortuosity, large differences were found between primary roots grown in the contrasting soil environments.

Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). II. Intracellular distribution of organelles in columella cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steven Ransom ◽  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Columella Cells ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Cellular Components

A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructures of columella cells in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was performed to determine the precise location of cellular components in these cells. Roots were fixed in situ to preserve the in vivo ultrastructure of the cells. All cellular components in columella cells of both types of roots were distributed asymmetrically. The nucleus and vacuome were located primarily in the middle third of both types of columella cells. Dictyosomes, mitochondria, and amyloplasts were most abundant in the lower third of the columella cells in both types of roots. The distribution of amyloplasts was the most asymmetrical of all cellular components examined, with the lower third of the columella cells containing approximately 90% of the relative volume of amyloplasts in both types of roots. The distribution of cellular components in columella cells of primary roots was not significantly different from that of columella cells of lateral roots. These results indicate that differences in georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots of P. vulgaris are probably due to factors other than the ultrastructures of their individual columella cells.

Root Development of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is Affected by Trifluralin Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 471b-471
Author(s):  
Jim E. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Loam Soil

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of trifluralin (TRI) herbicide on plant vigor and lateral root growth of snap beans. Lexington silt loam soil, which had not been treated with herbicides for at least 3 years, was used in this study. TRI herbicide was mixed with appropriate amounts of soil in a cement mixer to provide a constant rate of 560 g ai/ha TRI. To simulate TRI herbicide incorporation, bands of treated and untreated soil were layered into 30 × 30 × 15 cm (vol 13,500 cm3) bottomless wood boxes. Treatments were 1) control, 2) 2.5-cm treated band placed 2.5 cm below soil surface (BSS), 3) 2.5 cm treated band placed 5.1 cm BSS, 4) top 5.1 cm with treated soil, or 5) top 7.6 cm with treated soil. `Benton' snap beans were planted in each box and grown in the greenhouse for 25 days. Plant measurements made included plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight. The root system of each plant was washed and roots arising from the hypocotyl, transition zone, and primary roots were counted. All roots from each box were combined, dried overnight at 100C and weighed. Plant top weight and leaf area were not affected by TRI treatments. Plants were shorter in all TRI treatments except where placement was banded at 5.1 cm BSS. More adventitious roots were produced on hypocotyls when TRI was applied in a 2.5-cm band at 2.5-cm BSS or in the top 5.1 cm of soil. Total root weight was lower and fewer lateral roots developed in all soil bands treated with TRI.

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