Root Development of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is Affected by Trifluralin Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 471b-471
Author(s):  
Jim E. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Loam Soil

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of trifluralin (TRI) herbicide on plant vigor and lateral root growth of snap beans. Lexington silt loam soil, which had not been treated with herbicides for at least 3 years, was used in this study. TRI herbicide was mixed with appropriate amounts of soil in a cement mixer to provide a constant rate of 560 g ai/ha TRI. To simulate TRI herbicide incorporation, bands of treated and untreated soil were layered into 30 × 30 × 15 cm (vol 13,500 cm3) bottomless wood boxes. Treatments were 1) control, 2) 2.5-cm treated band placed 2.5 cm below soil surface (BSS), 3) 2.5 cm treated band placed 5.1 cm BSS, 4) top 5.1 cm with treated soil, or 5) top 7.6 cm with treated soil. `Benton' snap beans were planted in each box and grown in the greenhouse for 25 days. Plant measurements made included plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight. The root system of each plant was washed and roots arising from the hypocotyl, transition zone, and primary roots were counted. All roots from each box were combined, dried overnight at 100C and weighed. Plant top weight and leaf area were not affected by TRI treatments. Plants were shorter in all TRI treatments except where placement was banded at 5.1 cm BSS. More adventitious roots were produced on hypocotyls when TRI was applied in a 2.5-cm band at 2.5-cm BSS or in the top 5.1 cm of soil. Total root weight was lower and fewer lateral roots developed in all soil bands treated with TRI.

scholarly journals Seedling Growth of Catawba Rhododendron. I. Temperature Optima, Leaf Area, and Dry Weight Distribution

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1298-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bradley Rowe ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Weight Ratio ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Total Plant

Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx.) seedlings of two provenances, Johnston County, N.C. (35°45′N, 78°12′W, elevation = 67 m), and Yancey County, N.C. (35°45′N, 82°16′W, elevation = 1954 m), were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 18 weeks with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C. Shoot and root dry weights and total leaf areas of seedlings of the Yancey County provenance (high elevation) exceeded (P ≤ 0.05) those of the Johnston County (low elevation) provenance at all temperature combinations. Leaf area was maximal at 22/22C, 18/26C, and 22/26C and minimal at 30/14C (day/night). Shoot dry weight responded similarly. Root dry weight decreased linearly with increasing day temperature, but showed a quadratic response to night temperature. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight: total plant dry weight) increased, while root weight ratio (root dry weight: total plant dry weight) decreased with increasing day temperature. Leaf weight ratio was consistently higher than either stem or root weight ratios. Day/night cycles of 22 to 26/22C appear optimal for seedling growth.

scholarly journals Morfofisiologi Ratun Padi Sistem Tanam Benih Langsung di Lahan Pasang Surut

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evriani Mareza ◽  
Zainal Ridho Djafar ◽  
Rujito Agus Suwignyo ◽  
Dan Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Tidal Swamp ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Cutting Height

<p>ABSTRACT<br /><br />The morphophysiology of ratoon is different from the main plant of rice and was influenced by location and cultivation.This research was intended to evaluate morphophysiology characters of rice ratoon planted by direct seeding system in tidal swamp at various stubble cutting height. The experiment was conducted in November 2013-April 2014 at tidal swamp overflow type B in Telang Sari Village, District of Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province. The experiment used randomized block design with 5 replications. Treatment was stubble cutting height 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm above the soil surface. Rice was planted at 4 m x 5 m plot, the distance between plot 1 m. Data were analyzed by test of variance and 5% HSD test. Morphophysiological characters of rice ratoon were influenced by stubble cutting height. Cutting height of 20-40 cm above soil surface increased the ratoon number of tillers per hill, leaf area per hill, dry weight per hill, percentage of empty grains per panicle, grain weight per hill and percentage ratoon/main crop production per hill. The higher stubble cutting, the lower the number of leaves per tiller, leaf area per tiller, carbohydrate content, and number of grains per panicle of ratoon, however it accelerated age of flowering and harvesting. <br /><br />Keywords: direct seeding system, ratoon system, rice growth and production, stubble cutting height<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals (125) Effect of Organic Residues on Shoot and Root Growth of Apple Tree

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061D-1061
Author(s):  
Davide Neri ◽  
Gianpaolo Mascanzoni ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Franco Zucconi ◽  
James Flore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Old Trees

To simulate soil sickness, 1-year-old trees of `Golden Delicious' (grafted on M9 and M106) were grown in rhizotrons (1 × 1-m and 0.5-m depth) with different plant residues content, at Ravenna, Italy. Sandy loam soil was used as a substrate. Fine-grounded wood from apple and peach residues (6 kg per rhizotron) was mixed to the substrate and considered as main treatment. Mature compost (1% and 2.5% in volume) was added or not to the substrate with the organic residues and considered as subtreatment. The application of residues was localized either near the soil surface (0–25 cm) or deeper in the soil profile (25–50 cm). In each rhizotron, four trees on the same rootstock were planted and each soil treatment was replicated twice. After 2 years, the roots were accurately excavated (washing off the soil with water), and growth was measured. The presence of apple residues near the soil surface induced a 5% to 20% reduction of shoot growth. The reduction per plant dry weight was higher when trees were grafted on M106. At root level, the presence of residues increased the root migration in the search for fresh niches, enhancing root crossing and anastomosis. Both these shoot and root conditions are typical of replant diseases symptoms. The localization of apple residues in the lower part of the profile reduced the symptoms and so did the addition of compost. The peach residues did not affect shoot growth when compared to the control, but the shoot-to-root ratio was reduced, indicating a tendency to increase root migration.

scholarly journals Tanggap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Robusta (Coffea Robusta L.) Terhadap Berbagai Media Tanam Dan Frekuensi Penyiraman

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Karlina Br Sembiring ◽  
Rosita Sipayung ◽  
Irsal
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Fresh Root

Massive breeding is often the case with the availability of the amount of water that can be stored on the media. The aim of this research is to know the influence of media and the frequency of watering on the growth of robusta coffee seedlings and to find the best media and optimum watering frequency. This experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan from June to September 2017. The experimental method used was Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 treatment factors, ie 1: planting medium ie, topsoil ; topsoil: sand (2: 1); topsoil: rice husk (2: 1), topsoil: charcoal husk (2: 1) and factor 2: watering frequency ie, watered once a day; watered every 4 days; watered 7 days and watered once every 10 days. The variable was plant height, stem diameter, total leaf number, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, canopy dry weight, fresh root weight, root dry weight, longest root, and canopy and root ratio. The results showed that planting media treatment had a significant effect on plant height variables, stem diameter increase, leaf number, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, canopy dry weight, fresh root weight, root dry weight, and root canopy ratio. The best treatment of planting medium was found in topsoil treatment: rice husk (2: 1). The treatment of watering frequency had a significant effect on the stem diameter 2 - 12 of the week after planting move observation variable, total leaf area, fresh crown weight, dry crown weight, fresh root weight, and dry weight of roots. The best treatment frequency of watering hose is watering every 4 days. The interaction between the two treatments had a significant effect on the diameter of the stem diameter variable, the total leaf area and the fresh weight of the canopy.

Compensatory responses of late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) and rice to resource limitations

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Gibson ◽  
Albert J. Fischer ◽  
Theodore C. Foin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The development of optimal weed management strategies that rely, in part, on crop interference will require an understanding of how weeds compensate for limitations in above- and belowground resources. Trade-offs in the leaf morphology and biomass partitioning of rice and late watergrass were investigated under glasshouse conditions in 1999 and 2000. Both species responded to shade with increased height, reduced biomass, greater partitioning of biomass to leaves, and greater leaf area ratios. At the lowest light level (18% sunlight), plants of both species showed little response to nitrogen (N). However, height, tillers, biomass, and leaf area increased for plants grown at 50% and full sunlight as N increased from 0 to 224 kg N ha−1. Late watergrass exhibited more plasticity in specific leaf area and root weight ratio than rice in response to shade. This plasticity contributed to the ability of late watergrass to maintain a higher percent of its tillers and total dry weight than rice when sunlight was reduced by 50%. These results support the hypothesis that except at low light levels, limited N further reduces the growth of shaded late watergrass plants. Thus, weed management strategies that limit the plasticity of late watergrass by manipulating light and N availability are likely to be more effective than strategies that rely on manipulating a single resource.

scholarly journals Effect of Wind and Soil Moisture on the Growth of `Bluecrop' (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 648c-648
Author(s):  
W. Alan Erb ◽  
Mark Pyeatt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Root Weight Ratio ◽  
Leaf Weight Ratio ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Temperature Experiment

This study was conducted in the greenhouse by running two experiments at different temperature regimes (22°C day and 13°C night and 33°C day and 22°C night). One-year-old tissue culture propagated plants were irrigated at three different soil moisture tension levels (5, 15, and 30 cnbars) and either exposed to moving or still air. The moving air treatment was created by two 51-cm-diameter fans running at either low (5.6 mph) or medium (8.2 mph) speed. Each experiment included, forty-eight plants arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each block consisted of a greenhouse bench containing two fans, a plastic dividing wall and two plant replications for each treatment. Canopy volume measurements were taken at the beginning, middle and end of each experiment to estimate growth rate. At the end of each experiment, total leaf area and leaf, stem and root dry weight data were collected. In the moderate temperature experiment, the still air treated plants had the highest canopy volume and leaf weight ratio while the moving air treated plants had the highest stem weight ratio. The only difference for the moisture treatments was the 5-cnbar treatment had the highest canopy volume. In the high temperature experiment, the still air treated plants had the highest canopy volume, total leaf area, leaf dry weight, shoot/root ratio, leaf weight ratio and leaf area duration while the moving air treated plants had the highest root weight ratio. The 5-cnbar treatment had the highest canopy volume and biomass accumulations. The 30-cnbar treatment had the highest root weight ratio.

Effects of Soil Type and Compaction on the Growth of Ailanthus altissima Seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pan ◽  
Nina Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Total Plant

Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-Heaven) seedlings were grown in compacted and non-compacted mason sand and sandy loam soil. Shoots and roots were measured to characterize seedling development and response to soil compaction. Dry weight increases were shifted to lateral roots when Ailanthus tap root growth was curtailed and relative growth rate slowed in response to changes in soil type and compaction. Although total plant dry weights were 50% lower in seedlings grown in compacted soils, increases in dry weights continued to the end of the experimental period.

scholarly journals Comparison of Pod Calcium Concentration between Two Snap Bean Populations

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Quintana ◽  
H.C. Harrison ◽  
J. Nienhuis ◽  
J.P. Palta ◽  
K. Kmiecik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Sieve Size ◽  
Genotype Interaction ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Proper Comparison

To understand the genetics that control pod Ca concentration in snap beans, two snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) populations consisting of 60 genotypes, plus 4 commercial cultivars used as checks, were evaluated during Summers 1995 and 1996 at Hancock, Wis. These populations were CA2 (`Evergreen' × `Top Crop') and CA3 (`Evergreen' × `Slimgreen'). The experimental design was an 8×8 double lattice repeated each year. No Ca was added to the plants grown in a sandy loam soil with 1% organic matter and an average of 540 ppm Ca. To ensure proper comparison for pod Ca concentration among cultivars, only commercial sieve size no. 4 pods (a premium grade, 8.3 to 9.5 mm in diameter) were sampled and used for Ca extractions. After Ca was extracted, readings for Ca concentration were done via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In both populations, genotypes and years differed for pod Ca concentration (P = 0.001). Several snap bean genotypes showed pod Ca concentrations higher than the best of the checks. Overall mean pod Ca concentration ranged from a low of 3.82 to a high of 6.80 mg·g-1 dry weight. No differences were detected between the populations. Significant year×genotype interaction was observed in CA2 (P = 0.1), but was not present in CA3. Population variances proved to be homogeneous. Heritability for pod Ca concentration ranged from 0.48 (CA2) to 0.50 (CA3). Evidently enhancement of pod Ca concentration in beans can successfully be accomplished through plant breeding.

scholarly journals Effects of some growing media on the growth of strawberry cvs. 'Camarosa' and 'Fern'

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezai Ercisli ◽  
Ustun Sahin ◽  
Ahmet Esitken ◽  
Omer Anapali
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Plant Length

This study evaluated the development of above and under ground parts of strawberry plants cvs. 'Fern' and 'Camarosa ' in a glasshouse using perlite, forest soil, finpeat, peat, finpeat+perlite (1:1) and peat+perlite (1:1) as substrates. The effects of different growing media on development of above and under ground parts of plant were statistically significant. The highest number of primary roots per plant, length of the most developed roots and number of crowns per runner were obtained from perlite, finpeat+perlite and peat medium, respectively, in both cultivars. The runner length, number of runners per plant, leaf area, fresh root weight and dry root weight varied between cultivars according to growth medium. In general peat, finpeat or finpeat+perlite gave the best results in terms of above and under ground parts of plants in both cultivars. Some important properties such as water retention capacity, cation exchangeable capacity, pH, porosity etc. of growing media using in this study were also determined.

Clopyralid Effects on Shoot Emergence, Root Biomass, and Secondary Shoot Regrowth Potential of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Secondary Shoot ◽  
Root Buds

The root fresh weight of intact Canada thistle plants was greater than that of decapitated plants 2 months following soil surface treatment with clopyralid at 140 g ai/ha. Nevertheless, secondary shoot regrowth potential was reduced to the same extent for both intact and decapitated plants after clopyralid treatment. Soil-applied clopyralid did not reduce root biomass as much as it reduced secondary shoot regrowth potential from adventitious root buds. Increasing the clopyralid rate from 11 to 1120 g/ha progressively reduced the total number of emerged shoots more than root fresh weight 2 months after treatment of decapitated Canada thistle. Increasing the clopyralid rate also reduced the regrowth potential of secondary shoots from root buds proportionately more than it reduced root biomass. Secondary shoots emerging through a surface layer of soil treated with clopyralid at 140 g/ha absorbed phytotoxic amounts of clopyralid. Secondary shoot numbers were not reduced after emerging through an activated charcoal layer into herbicide-treated soil, but they were deformed and their dry weight was reduced as was later secondary shoot regrowth potential.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document